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What does SERA stand for? Lernen beginnen
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Standardised European Rules of the Air.
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What is the main EU regulation containing SERA? Lernen beginnen
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Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 923/2012, as amended.
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Aeronautical Telecommunications.
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Lernen beginnen
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Aeronautical Information Services.
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Lernen beginnen
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Lernen beginnen
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PANS-ATM: Procedures for Air Navigation Services — Air Traffic Management.
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PANS-OPS: Aircraft Operations, including flight procedures and procedure design.
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What does SARP stand for? Lernen beginnen
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Standard and Recommended Practice.
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Who is responsible for compliance with the Rules of the Air? Lernen beginnen
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The pilot-in-command, whether manipulating the controls or not.
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May the PIC depart from the Rules of the Air in an emergency? Lernen beginnen
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Yes, when absolutely necessary in the interests of safety.
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Who has final authority over the disposition of the aircraft? Lernen beginnen
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What must pre-flight action include for IFR flights? Lernen beginnen
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Study of available information, weather, fuel/energy requirements and an alternative course of action.
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What is controlled airspace? Lernen beginnen
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Airspace where ATC service is provided according to its airspace classification.
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Which ICAO/SERA airspace classes are controlled airspace? Lernen beginnen
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Classes A, B, C, D and E.
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What is a controlled flight? Lernen beginnen
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Any flight subject to an ATC clearance.
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What is a Flight Information Region (FIR)? Lernen beginnen
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Airspace of defined dimensions within which FIS and alerting service are provided.
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What is a control area (CTA)? Lernen beginnen
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Controlled airspace extending upward from a specified limit above the Earth.
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What is a control zone (CTR)? Lernen beginnen
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Controlled airspace extending upward from the surface to a specified upper limit.
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What is a prohibited area? Lernen beginnen
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Airspace within which flight is prohibited.
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What is a restricted area? Lernen beginnen
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Airspace within which flight is restricted according to specified conditions.
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Airspace where activities dangerous to aircraft flight may exist at specified times.
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Can an aircraft enter a prohibited or restricted area freely? Lernen beginnen
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No. Only according to published conditions or with appropriate permission.
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What flights are permitted in Class A airspace? Lernen beginnen
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What separation is provided in Class A? Lernen beginnen
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All aircraft are separated from each other.
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Is ATC clearance required in Class A? Lernen beginnen
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Are IFR and VFR flights permitted in Class B? Lernen beginnen
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What separation is provided in Class B? Lernen beginnen
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All IFR and VFR aircraft are separated from each other.
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Is ATC clearance required for both IFR and VFR in Class B? Lernen beginnen
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Are IFR and VFR flights permitted in Class C? Lernen beginnen
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From which traffic are IFR flights separated in Class C? Lernen beginnen
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From both IFR and VFR traffic.
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From which traffic are VFR flights separated in Class C? Lernen beginnen
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Are VFR flights separated from other VFR flights in Class C? Lernen beginnen
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No; they receive traffic information and avoidance advice on request.
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Is ATC clearance required for all flights in Class C? Lernen beginnen
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Are IFR and VFR flights permitted in Class D? Lernen beginnen
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From which traffic are IFR flights separated in Class D? Lernen beginnen
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Are VFR flights separated from IFR traffic in Class D? Lernen beginnen
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No; traffic information is provided.
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Is ATC clearance required for all flights in Class D? Lernen beginnen
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Are IFR and VFR flights permitted in Class E? Lernen beginnen
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What separation is provided to IFR flights in Class E? Lernen beginnen
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IFR flights are separated from other IFR flights.
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Are VFR flights separated from other traffic in Class E? Lernen beginnen
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Does VFR normally require ATC clearance in Class E? Lernen beginnen
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Does IFR require ATC clearance in Class E? Lernen beginnen
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Is continuous two-way radio normally required for IFR in Class E? Lernen beginnen
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Is continuous two-way radio normally required for VFR in Class E? Lernen beginnen
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No, unless another requirement such as an RMZ applies.
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Can a control zone be Class E under SERA? Lernen beginnen
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What service characterises Class F airspace? Lernen beginnen
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Air traffic advisory service for participating IFR flights; FIS is available if requested.
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Is ATC clearance required in Class F? Lernen beginnen
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What separation is provided in Class G? Lernen beginnen
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What service may be provided in Class G? Lernen beginnen
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Flight Information Service if requested.
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Is ATC clearance required in Class G? Lernen beginnen
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How does SERA classify airspace above FL195? Lernen beginnen
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Where does the standard 250 kt IAS limit below 10,000 ft apply under SERA? Lernen beginnen
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VFR in Class C and all flights in Classes D, E, F and G, subject to authorised exceptions.
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Why does the 250 kt limit exist in less restrictive airspace? Lernen beginnen
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To improve the ability to visually acquire traffic that may not be separated.
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What is required when operating in an RMZ? Lernen beginnen
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Continuous radio watch and two-way communication as necessary, unless alternative provisions apply.
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What should an initial RMZ call normally contain? Lernen beginnen
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Station, callsign, aircraft type, position, level, intentions and other required information.
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Transponder Mandatory Zone.
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What equipment is normally required in a TMZ? Lernen beginnen
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An operating Mode A/C or Mode S SSR transponder, unless alternative provisions apply.
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Where are RMZs and TMZs published? Lernen beginnen
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What are the standard VMC minima at or above 10,000 ft? Lernen beginnen
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8 km visibility; 1,500 m horizontally and 1,000 ft vertically from cloud.
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What are the standard VMC minima below 10,000 ft above the low-level band? Lernen beginnen
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5 km visibility; 1,500 m horizontally and 1,000 ft vertically from cloud.
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What defines the low-level VMC band? Lernen beginnen
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At or below 3,000 ft AMSL or 1,000 ft above terrain, whichever is higher.
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What are the low-level VMC minima in Classes A–E? Lernen beginnen
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5 km visibility; 1,500 m horizontally and 1,000 ft vertically from cloud.
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What are the normal low-level VMC minima in Classes F and G? Lernen beginnen
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5 km visibility, clear of cloud and with the surface in sight.
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Can low-level visibility in Class F/G be reduced below 5 km? Lernen beginnen
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Yes, when specifically prescribed by the competent authority.
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What is a typical lower visibility limit for qualifying fixed-wing low-level VFR? Lernen beginnen
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1,500 m when permitted and flown at 140 kt IAS or less under applicable conditions.
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Do published VMC minima for Class A mean VFR is allowed there? Lernen beginnen
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No. They are provided for guidance; Class A remains IFR only.
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Without special clearance, when may VFR not take off or land at an aerodrome in a CTR? Lernen beginnen
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When ceiling is below 1,500 ft or ground visibility below 5 km.
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May VFR normally operate above FL195? Lernen beginnen
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No, except under specific published or authorised arrangements.
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How high may specifically authorised VFR traffic operate under the SERA exception? Lernen beginnen
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Up to and including FL285.
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Why is VFR authorisation above FL285 restricted in RVSM airspace? Lernen beginnen
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Because 1,000 ft vertical separation is applied above FL290.
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What is the minimum VFR height over a congested area? Lernen beginnen
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1,000 ft above the highest obstacle within 600 m, except for take-off, landing or authorised exceptions.
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What is the normal minimum VFR height elsewhere? Lernen beginnen
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500 ft above ground/water or the highest obstacle within 500 ft radius.
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When do VFR cruising levels normally apply? Lernen beginnen
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In level cruising flight above 3,000 ft above ground or water, unless otherwise specified.
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A VFR flight authorised by ATC to operate within a CTR in conditions below normal VFR criteria.
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Is an ATC clearance required for Special VFR? Lernen beginnen
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Must Special VFR remain clear of cloud? Lernen beginnen
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Must a Special VFR pilot keep the surface in sight? Lernen beginnen
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What is the minimum Special VFR flight visibility for aeroplanes? Lernen beginnen
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What is the minimum Special VFR flight visibility for helicopters? Lernen beginnen
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What is the maximum normal Special VFR speed? Lernen beginnen
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Is Special VFR normally conducted by day? Lernen beginnen
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Yes, unless night SVFR is permitted by the competent authority.
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When may ATC not issue SVFR for take-off, landing or circuit operations to an aeroplane? Lernen beginnen
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If ground visibility is below 1,500 m or ceiling below 600 ft.
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What instruments and navigation equipment must an IFR aircraft have? Lernen beginnen
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Equipment appropriate to the route and compliant with applicable air operations rules.
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If no State minimum IFR altitude is published, what applies over mountainous/high terrain? Lernen beginnen
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At least 2,000 ft above the highest obstacle within 8 km.
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If no State minimum IFR altitude is published, what applies elsewhere? Lernen beginnen
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At least 1,000 ft above the highest obstacle within 8 km.
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Does encountering VMC automatically justify cancelling IFR? Lernen beginnen
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When should IFR normally be cancelled after entering VMC? Lernen beginnen
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Only when continued flight in uninterrupted VMC is intended and expected for a reasonable period.
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What phrase is used to cancel IFR under SERA? Lernen beginnen
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“CANCELLING MY IFR FLIGHT.”
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Can ATC invite or pressure a pilot to cancel IFR? Lernen beginnen
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What rules apply to IFR flights within controlled airspace? Lernen beginnen
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They must comply with ATC clearances and applicable ATC procedures.
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How are IFR cruising levels selected outside controlled airspace? Lernen beginnen
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According to track and the table of cruising levels, unless otherwise specified.
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When are cruising levels expressed as flight levels? Lernen beginnen
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At or above the lowest usable flight level or above the transition altitude.
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When are cruising levels expressed as altitudes? Lernen beginnen
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Below the lowest usable flight level or at/below the transition altitude.
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What is transition altitude? Lernen beginnen
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The altitude at or below which vertical position is normally expressed as altitude.
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What is transition level? Lernen beginnen
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The lowest usable flight level above the transition altitude.
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What is the transition layer? Lernen beginnen
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The airspace between transition altitude and transition level.
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For tracks 000°–179°, which IFR cruising levels are used? Lernen beginnen
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Odd thousands: FL030, FL050, FL070, etc., subject to the applicable level table.
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For tracks 180°–359°, which IFR cruising levels are used? Lernen beginnen
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Even thousands: FL040, FL060, FL080, etc., subject to the applicable level table.
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For tracks 000°–179°, which VFR cruising levels are normally used? Lernen beginnen
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Odd thousands plus 500 ft: e.g. FL035, FL055, FL075.
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For tracks 180°–359°, which VFR cruising levels are normally used? Lernen beginnen
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Even thousands plus 500 ft: e.g. FL045, FL065, FL085.
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What does RVSM stand for? Lernen beginnen
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Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum.
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What vertical separation does RVSM provide? Lernen beginnen
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What is the standard ICAO RVSM band? Lernen beginnen
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FL290 to FL410 inclusive.
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Why does RVSM require specific aircraft capability? Lernen beginnen
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Altimetry and altitude-keeping performance must support reliable 1,000 ft separation.
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When is an ATS flight plan required for a flight receiving ATC service? Lernen beginnen
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Before operating any flight or portion of flight to be provided with ATC service.
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Is a flight plan required for an IFR flight in advisory airspace? Lernen beginnen
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Is a flight plan normally required for an international border crossing? Lernen beginnen
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Yes, unless otherwise prescribed by the States concerned.
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Is a flight plan required for a night flight leaving the vicinity of an aerodrome? Lernen beginnen
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How early may an applicable flight plan normally be submitted? Lernen beginnen
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Not more than 120 hours before EOBT.
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How early should a flight subject to ATFM normally file? Lernen beginnen
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At least 3 hours before EOBT.
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How early should other applicable flights normally file before departure? Lernen beginnen
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At least 60 minutes before departure.
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If filing in flight, how early must ATS receive the plan before entering relevant controlled/advisory airspace? Lernen beginnen
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At least 10 minutes before the intended entry or crossing point.
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Can a flight plan cover only part of a flight? Lernen beginnen
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What are key elements of an ATS flight plan? Lernen beginnen
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Identification, rules/type, aircraft/equipment, departure, time, speed, level, route, destination, alternates and endurance.
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Why is closing a flight plan important when an arrival report is required? Lernen beginnen
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Failure to close it can trigger unnecessary alerting and search-and-rescue action.
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Lernen beginnen
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What services are included in ATS? Lernen beginnen
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ATC, Flight Information Service, alerting service and air traffic advisory service.
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What are the main objectives of ATS? Lernen beginnen
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Prevent collisions, maintain orderly traffic, provide useful information and support search and rescue.
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To which IFR flights is ATC service provided? Lernen beginnen
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All IFR flights in Classes A, B, C, D and E.
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To which VFR flights is ATC service provided? Lernen beginnen
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VFR flights in Classes B, C and D.
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Is ATC service provided to Special VFR flights? Lernen beginnen
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Is ATC service provided to aerodrome traffic at controlled aerodromes? Lernen beginnen
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Does receiving Flight Information Service transfer responsibility from the PIC? Lernen beginnen
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No. The PIC remains responsible for decisions.
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What is the purpose of Flight Information Service? Lernen beginnen
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To provide advice and information useful for safe and efficient flight.
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What is alerting service? Lernen beginnen
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A service notifying and assisting organisations when aircraft may need search-and-rescue assistance.
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Which aircraft normally receive alerting service? Lernen beginnen
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ATC-controlled aircraft, filed/known flights as practicable, and aircraft subject to unlawful interference.
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What is the main role of an ACC? Lernen beginnen
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Providing area control service to controlled flights en route.
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What is the main role of approach control? Lernen beginnen
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ATC service for controlled arriving and departing flights.
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What is the main role of an aerodrome control tower? Lernen beginnen
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ATC service for aerodrome traffic.
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Flight Information Service and alerting service, not ATC service.
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Lernen beginnen
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Lernen beginnen
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Lernen beginnen
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What characterises DETRESFA? Lernen beginnen
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Reasonable certainty of grave and imminent danger or a need for immediate assistance.
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Does an ATC clearance remove the PIC’s collision-avoidance responsibility? Lernen beginnen
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Must pilots maintain vigilance even in controlled airspace and under IFR? Lernen beginnen
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Yes, whenever circumstances permit detection of collision hazards.
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What should an aircraft with right-of-way normally do? Lernen beginnen
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Maintain heading and speed.
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What should two aircraft approaching head-on do? Lernen beginnen
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Both alter heading to the right.
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In a converging situation at similar level, which aircraft gives way? Lernen beginnen
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The aircraft that has the other aircraft on its right.
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Which has priority: a power-driven aeroplane or a sailplane? Lernen beginnen
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Which has priority: a sailplane or a balloon? Lernen beginnen
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What must a power-driven aircraft do when encountering an aircraft towing another aircraft or object? Lernen beginnen
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Which aircraft has right-of-way during overtaking? Lernen beginnen
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The aircraft being overtaken.
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To which side should an overtaking powered aircraft normally alter heading? Lernen beginnen
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Who has priority: an aircraft landing or one operating on the ground? Lernen beginnen
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When two aircraft are approaching to land, which normally has priority? Lernen beginnen
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The lower aircraft, but it must not cut in front of another on final.
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What priority does an aircraft making an emergency landing have? Lernen beginnen
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Other aircraft must give way.
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What must a taxiing aircraft do for an aircraft taking off or about to take off? Lernen beginnen
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What should two taxiing aircraft approaching head-on do? Lernen beginnen
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Stop or, where practicable, both alter course to the right.
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In a taxiway converging conflict, who gives way? Lernen beginnen
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The aircraft that has the other aircraft on its right.
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May an aircraft cross an illuminated stop bar? Lernen beginnen
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When may an aircraft proceed past a stop bar normally? Lernen beginnen
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When the stop-bar lights are switched off and the required clearance has been received.
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What should a pilot do if uncertain of position on the manoeuvring area? Lernen beginnen
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Stop and immediately notify ATS, including the last known position.
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What if position is uncertain but the pilot knows the aircraft is on a runway? Lernen beginnen
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Notify ATS, vacate via a suitable taxiway if able and not otherwise instructed, then stop.
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What direction are aerodrome traffic-pattern turns normally made? Lernen beginnen
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To the left unless otherwise indicated or instructed by ATC.
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What is the normal preferred take-off and landing direction? Lernen beginnen
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Into wind, unless safety, runway configuration or traffic considerations favour another direction.
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Radio-communication failure.
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Lernen beginnen
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What is the normal SERA conspicuity code when not receiving ATS? Lernen beginnen
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7000, unless another code is prescribed.
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What code may be selected when receiving ATS but no specific SSR code has been assigned? Lernen beginnen
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2000 or another code prescribed by the competent authority.
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When should IDENT normally be operated? Lernen beginnen
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What ATC items must always be read back? Lernen beginnen
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Route, runway, level, heading, speed, SSR, frequency, altimeter and transition-level safety-related instructions.
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Which runway instructions require readback? Lernen beginnen
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Enter, land, take off, hold short, cross, taxi or backtrack on a runway.
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Why is correct readback essential? Lernen beginnen
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It allows ATC to detect and correct misunderstandings before they become operational errors.
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What must a controlled flight normally do with its current flight plan? Lernen beginnen
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Adhere to it unless a change is requested and cleared or emergency action is required.
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What should be done after an inadvertent deviation from track? Lernen beginnen
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Correct the heading and regain track as soon as practicable.
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If an ATC clearance is unacceptable or cannot safely be complied with, what should the pilot do? Lernen beginnen
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Inform ATC and request or obtain an amended clearance.
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What time standard is used in aviation under SERA? Lernen beginnen
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Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).
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How is UTC expressed operationally? Lernen beginnen
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Hours and minutes of the 24-hour day, with seconds when required.
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