cortex

Broca's area (Location)

Left inferior frontal gyrus (Brodmann areas 44 and 45)

Broca's area (function)

Speech production, grammar processing, and articulation planning

Broca's area (damage)

Damage Leads To Broca’s aphasia—non-fluent, effortful speech with relatively preserved comprehension

Wernicke's area (location)

Posterior superior temporal gyrus (Brodmann area 22) in the left hemisphere

Wernicke's area (function)

Language comprehension and semantic processing

Wernicke's area (damage)

Wernicke’s aphasia—fluent but nonsensical speech with impaired understanding

Temporoparietal Junction (location)

At the intersection of the temporal and parietal lobes, near the posterior end of the lateral sulcus (Sylvian fissure).

temporoparietal Junction (function)

Integrates multisensory information from the external environment and internal body states; crucial for social cognition, including empathy, theory of mind, and distinguishing self from others.

temporoparietal Junction (clinical relevance)

Implicated in conditions like autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, and out-of-body experiences; damage or dysfunction can affect moral reasoning and social interactions.

superior temporal sulcus (location)

A groove in the temporal lobe, separating the superior temporal gyrus from the middle temporal gyrus

superior temporal sulcus (function)

Involved in processing auditory and visual stimuli, language comprehension, and social perception, including the interpretation of facial expressions and biological motion.

superior temporal sulcus (clinical relevance)

Abnormal STS activity has been associated with conditions such as autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia, affecting social cognition and communication.