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Culture as "the cultivation of plants" Lernen beginnen
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was transferred to fish or oysters in 17th century
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Culture as "production of bacteria" Lernen beginnen
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evolved in late 19th century
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Culture as the figurative sense of "cultivation through education and systematic improvement of the mind" Lernen beginnen
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was popular in 19th century
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Culture in learning and taste Lernen beginnen
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makes the intellectual side of civilization
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Culture is closely connected to... Lernen beginnen
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"collective customs and achievements of people and intellectual development."
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How many definitions of culture are there in general? Lernen beginnen
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How many distinct themes are there in culture? Lernen beginnen
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First distinct in culture: Lernen beginnen
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Second distinct in culture: Lernen beginnen
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Third distinct in culture: Lernen beginnen
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Fourth distinct in culture: Lernen beginnen
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Fifth distinct in culture: Lernen beginnen
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Sixth distinct in culture: Lernen beginnen
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Seventh distinct in culture: Lernen beginnen
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What is connected to structure as a system of elements? Lernen beginnen
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way of life, ideas, behaviour, symbol, language, social institutions, relationships etc.
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What is the function of culture? Lernen beginnen
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It provides guide to the process of learning, adaptation to the world, survical, success in life and control over the individual groups.
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Continuous social construction of culture involves: Lernen beginnen
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- differentiating one group from another; - relating to others; - giving life meaning and form; - dealing with social world
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anything created by humans that provides information about the culture of its creator and users.
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What is defining culture in terms of improving intellect or morality? Lernen beginnen
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instruction and moral progress
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care given to development of the mind
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stage of development that divides civilized from savage; study of perfection, civilization.
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What is group-membership? Lernen beginnen
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definitions that speak of culture as a place or group of people, or that focus on belonging to such a place or group.
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How does power show in culture? Lernen beginnen
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Power is group based and can be political/economic. Usually it refers to countries dominating over other countries or social groups dominating over other social groups.
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How does power manifest in culture? Lernen beginnen
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Power complements culture in the sense that it enforces cultural values and norms.
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Socio-cultural patterns... Lernen beginnen
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are not inherited, in opposite to genetic qualities.
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Socio-cultural patterns are learned... Lernen beginnen
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from family member, groups and societies people live in.
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Cultures of human beings are influenced by... Lernen beginnen
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the physical and social environment through which they operate.
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may be called culture if it is shared and believed or practised by a group of people.
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Why is culture cumulative? Lernen beginnen
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Knowledge embodied in culture moves through generations and cummulates knowledge over time.
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Because no culture remains in some permanent state forever.
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Culture is diversified but... Lernen beginnen
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Culture is a system that has... Lernen beginnen
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many mutually interdependent parts.
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Parts of culture are seperate but... Lernen beginnen
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they form a unified whole.
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Two stages of socialisation: Lernen beginnen
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primary socialisation and secondary socialisation.
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Define primary socialisation. Lernen beginnen
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It's taking place within a family and lasts from birth until the child's participation in larger and more diverse groupings beyond the family.
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What does primary socialisation involve? Lernen beginnen
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Elements as the acquisition of language and gendered identity.
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Define secondary socialisation. Lernen beginnen
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It refers to all the subsequent influences that an individual experiences in a lifetime.
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Components of critical cultural studies are: Lernen beginnen
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Production and political economy, cultural text analysis, audience reception and use of media culture
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What is production and political economy doing? Lernen beginnen
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Analysing cultural texts within their system of production and distribution in society.
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What are culture studies? Lernen beginnen
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Cultural studies is a multidisciplinary approach to the understanding of all dimensions of culture, from traditional notions to popular culture.
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What do cultural studies combine? Lernen beginnen
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It combines elements of the social sciences and the humanities.
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What do cultural studies use? Lernen beginnen
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It uses methods and theories from literary studies, film studies, game studies, art theory, philosophy, etc.
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What do cultural studies aim to? Lernen beginnen
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It aims to look into how the issues of gender, race, sexuality, class, etc. shape the production-consumption and dissemination of culture and media.
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What are the significant issues of cultural studies? Lernen beginnen
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an equal treatment of high and low culture
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A geographical dimension to defining cultural studies: Lernen beginnen
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The expansion of some cultures from local/national to global and a national dimension to defining of cultural studies projects.
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Why is culture multi-discursive? Lernen beginnen
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It includes numerous "languages".
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It's regulated ways of speaking about the subject through which objects and practices aquire meaning.
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What are the examples of discourses? Lernen beginnen
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A language of fashion, cinema, nationalism, literary criticism, video games, cultural studies etc.
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What is the key to analyse culture? Lernen beginnen
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The key is to identify the discursive context itself and use its professional language.
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What is the cultural development of Western Europe based on? Lernen beginnen
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Intellectual, spirtual and aesthetic factors - great religious thinkers, philosophers, etc.
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What does culture include? Lernen beginnen
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Aesthetic factors but especially the development customs like holidays, sports, religious festivals etc.
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Christmas or youth subcultures are referred to as... Lernen beginnen
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lived cultures or practices.
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Why is culture a social phenomenon? Lernen beginnen
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It expresses certain meanings and values in art and learning, institutions and people's oridinary behaviour.
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are not only actual texts but also practices, paintings, sculptures, soap operas, music, dances or comics.
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anything that produces meaning.
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To contain the possibility of a number of different meanings.
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What is Industrialisation? Lernen beginnen
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The process of converting to a socioeconomic order in which industry is dominant.
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How many stages did Industrial Revolution have? Lernen beginnen
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The dates of the first Industrial Revolution Lernen beginnen
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The second Industrial Revolution took place in: Lernen beginnen
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The late 19th and 20th centuries.
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the method of producing goods in large quantities at relatively low cost per unit.
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Mass production can't exist without... Lernen beginnen
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Mass production process... Lernen beginnen
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is characterized by high volume, a highly organized flow of materials through various stages of production, careful supervision of quality standards and precise division of labour.
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the transformation from a traditional, rural, agrarian society to a secular, urban, industrial society.
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the process by which large numbers of people become permanently concentrated in relatively small areas, forming cities.
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How did popular culture evolve chronicigally? Lernen beginnen
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1. books 2. newspapers and magazines 3. photography 4. the cinema 5. the radio 6. recorded music 7. TV 8. the Web
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What was the first book written and when? Lernen beginnen
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What was the first newspaper and when was it published? Lernen beginnen
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The first magazine published and when? Lernen beginnen
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When was telegraph invented? Lernen beginnen
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What was the first movie and when was it published? Lernen beginnen
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"Lumiere" in 1896 (in Bros. Cinema)
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When was the first station on air and how was it called? Lernen beginnen
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When was the first TV Station on air and what was it? Lernen beginnen
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When did the internet start working around? Lernen beginnen
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from Latin popularis: "belonging to the people, general, common; devoted to or accepted by the people."
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1540's definition of popularity: Lernen beginnen
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"of or pertaining to the people; depending on the people"
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1570's definition of popularity: Lernen beginnen
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"suited to oridinary people, easily comprehended"
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1859's definition of popularity: Lernen beginnen
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"low, affordable to average persons"
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1600's definition of popularity: Lernen beginnen
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"well-liked, admired by or enjoying the favour of the people"
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The definition of popularity from 1819: Lernen beginnen
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"favoured by people generally"
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culture that is widely favoured or well liked by many people.
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Examples of high culture: Lernen beginnen
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classical music, opera and ballet, classical literature and historical works of art and sculptures
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food, entertainment, sports and shopping
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Culture is diverse and... Lernen beginnen
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involves a set of products sorted into high, low or middle positions.
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was established as a widely available form of popular entertainment consumed by people of all social classes from 18th to later 19th.
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became the meeting place of different social classes in society.
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Opera was transformed from... Lernen beginnen
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popular entertainment into high culture.
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mass-produced for mass consumption.
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Who is the audience of commercial culture? Lernen beginnen
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What are the main characteristics of commerical culture? Lernen beginnen
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It's imitative and manipulative.
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Commercial culture is connected to... Lernen beginnen
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Americanization of global culture.
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Examples of cultural imperialism: Lernen beginnen
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The Disney entertainment outside the US, the spread of American-English, the globalization of US mass production models and systems.
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Popular culture originates from... Lernen beginnen
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a culture of the people for the people.
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Examples of folk culture in Poland: Lernen beginnen
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Folk culture is not always authentic because... Lernen beginnen
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oscypek is produced from cow's milk when it should be from sheep's milk and ciupaga's are mostly made in China.
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Popular culture is a struggle between... Lernen beginnen
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originality/opposition and commercialism/conformity
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Reggae originally comes from... Lernen beginnen
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poor black or Jamaican people.
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spiritual, talks about serious problems, is revolutionary and original.
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Reagge mixed into white people's culture is... Lernen beginnen
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materialistic, conformist, capitalist and mainstream.
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a culture in which the distinction between "high" and "low" culture seems less and less important.
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Postmodern popular culture blends... Lernen beginnen
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the authentic with commercial.
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creates parody of reality, is full of comic book style violence, involves drugs, racism and references to the past.
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Tarantino's films split into... Lernen beginnen
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non-chronological sections with discontinuity.
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Deconstruction of most popular film genres are... Lernen beginnen
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western, kung-fu, gangster, pulp ficition, etc.
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quotations from and references to various cultural texts from the history of the cinema, literature, pop music, etc.
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In 1948 there was a vinyl record introduced... Lernen beginnen
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by CBS, 33 1/3-rpm, 23 minutes on each side.
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In 1950 there was a vinyl developed... Lernen beginnen
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by RCA, 45-rpm, 5 minutes per side (best for jukeboxes).
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reached an agreement and the 45 became the standard for singles.
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Reel-to-reel systems were developed in... Lernen beginnen
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Reel-to-reel tape recorders became... Lernen beginnen
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the main recording format used by professional recording studios until the late 1980s.
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A recorded perfomance can be... Lernen beginnen
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edited or erased and re-recorded again on the same piece of media.
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The first compact cassette was made in... Lernen beginnen
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gave an ability to carry music everywhere, created a market for prerecorded cassettes and gave ability to record songs from the radio.
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The compact disc was co-developed by... Lernen beginnen
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Philips and Sony to store and play digital audio recordings.
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The first CD was commercially released... Lernen beginnen
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The MP3 file format was developed in... Lernen beginnen
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Napster's free file-sharing service became available on the internet in... Lernen beginnen
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The Napster shut down in... Lernen beginnen
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P2P systems such as Grokster, LimeWire, Kazaa, eDonkey were enabled... Lernen beginnen
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shifting from ownership of music to access to music.
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gives instant access to millions of songs on demand via Internet.
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Popular music streaming platforms are: Lernen beginnen
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Spotify, Apple Music, Tidal, Deezer, SoundCloud, YT Music etc.
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a business situation in which a few firms control most of an industry's production and distribution resources.
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3 major global companies of music industry are... Lernen beginnen
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Universal Music Group, Sony Music Entertainment and Warner Music Group.
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Music companies control about... Lernen beginnen
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65% of the recording industry market in the US.
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Independent record labels are... Lernen beginnen
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companies that work outside olgiopolies: they produce less mainstream music and film.
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is a philosophical and sociological movement spread across many universities around the world.
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The Frankfurt School was founded... Lernen beginnen
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The Frankfurt School moved to... Lernen beginnen
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United States to NYC after 1933.
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Most prominent figures of Critical Theorists were: Lernen beginnen
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Max Horkheimer, Theodor Adorno and Walter Benjamin.
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"Culture Industry: Enlightenment as Mass Deception" is... Lernen beginnen
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a chapter in Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer's book "Dialectic of Enlightenment".
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Products of the culture economy are dependent on industry and economy... Lernen beginnen
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which means they are related to the interests of money and power.
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Basic focus of culture industry was... Lernen beginnen
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being idustrialised and commercialised under a capitalist system.
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The Frankfurt School attempted to show... Lernen beginnen
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a parallel between cultural texts and other products that were mass produced.
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All products of the culture industry are designed for... Lernen beginnen
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an item whose prime purpose is sale in the market place.
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Every work of art is turned into... Lernen beginnen
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Culture industry uses a... Lernen beginnen
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production-line mentality in producing cultural products imitating the socioeconomic cycle of capitalist system.
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Films and TV shows we watch follow... Lernen beginnen
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the same recycled formulas.
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Homogeneity states that... Lernen beginnen
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all mass culture is identical.
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In consumers goods there are... Lernen beginnen
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several variations of the same thing.
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All products produced under the same scheme are... Lernen beginnen
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"readable" and easily consumed.
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makes things seem different when they are several variations of the same thing.
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a glaring example of culture industry phenomenon.
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endless stream of movies.
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nobody has to use intellect to understand the movie.
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Film companies & streaming services... Lernen beginnen
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spend enormous money promoting "bigger better" films, new bands, a new star etc.
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Structural uniformity is... Lernen beginnen
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the "really meaningful content" of the film or series.
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Culture industries provide... Lernen beginnen
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"a false fulfilment of wish-dreams" like wealth, adventure, passionate love, power and sensationalism in general.
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a product of media industries.
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Culture manufacturing contains of... Lernen beginnen
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language, religion, fashion, food habits, education, TV shows, etc.
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Expansions in education... Lernen beginnen
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created greater space between youth and adult responsibilities.
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Juvenile delinquency and generational rebellion... Lernen beginnen
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became social issues drawing public attention.
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An expanding middle class and more affluent working class... Lernen beginnen
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led to greater disposable income and leisure time.
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Culture industries came to see "teenagers" as... Lernen beginnen
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a leisure class and significant consumers.
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The growth of film, television, music, street fashion... Lernen beginnen
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increased youths exposure to pop culture and alternative ideas.
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Working-class youth form and join subcultures because of... Lernen beginnen
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their marginalization from and resistance to the class structure.
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primarily working class phenomena, an imitation of the class struggle in society.
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Capitalist society produces... Lernen beginnen
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economic exploitation, domination and cultural dominantion.
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Young people take and transform cultural texts as... Lernen beginnen
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Youth subcultures express... Lernen beginnen
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opposition to the generation gap.
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Resistance is expressed through... Lernen beginnen
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style/symbolic rituals or violence and protests.
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The main elements of subcultural style are: Lernen beginnen
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image, visible manifestations or behaviour, argot (slang), particular music, visible signs of subcultural history, use of substances and violence.
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a combination and transformation of various cultural objects.
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the symbolic fit between the values and lifestyles of a group.
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reflects chaos/nonsense of modern world.
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are steel-toed boots, shaved heads, masculine posturing.
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Late 1660s and early 1970s subculture was... Lernen beginnen
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Middle 1970s subculture was... Lernen beginnen
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Late 1970s and early 1980s subculture was... Lernen beginnen
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Early 1980s subculture was... Lernen beginnen
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Another early 1980s subculture was... Lernen beginnen
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The skinhead value system and style... Lernen beginnen
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mixed the white Englush working class and culture of black Jamaican imigrants.
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The Rude Boys derived from... Lernen beginnen
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dissatisfaction, poverty, rising unemployment and overpopulation of Kingston.
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The rude boy style included... Lernen beginnen
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short cropped hair, a porkpie hat and shiny suits made from the raw materials of the Caribbean.
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an exotic dialect known as patois.
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a style of Jamaican popular music that surfaced in the early 1960s.
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Skinhead aggro was based on... Lernen beginnen
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being aggressive and violent towards Asians, homosexuals and Hippies.
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Levis/Lee/Wrangler jeans, braces, polo shirts, tattoos, blue-beat hats and Harrington jackets.
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The four main cultural types of skinheads: Lernen beginnen
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traditional, neo-Nazi, SHARP, gay
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Female skinheads haircuts... Lernen beginnen
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are known as Chelsea, the fringe or feathercut.
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mosty white interpretation of Jamaican ska combined with elements of punk rock and new wave.
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began to emerge as skinhead identity marker in England in the late 1970s.
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Subculturists share a degree of... Lernen beginnen
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Post-subcultural generation... Lernen beginnen
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blended all sorts of music and fashion.
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EDM and dance cultures appeared in... Lernen beginnen
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all-night electronic dance music parties fuelled by drugs such as ecstasy.
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Subcultural participation is now... Lernen beginnen
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usually followed by a slogan.
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are based on visual style.
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a particular visual aesthetic.
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are shown through the websites. Mostly illegal ones.
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the use of social sience techniques to asses the behaviours and attitudes of consumers toward particular products before any ads are created.
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famous-person testimonial Lernen beginnen
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an advertising strategy that associates a product with the support of a well-known person.
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anadvertising strategy that associates a product with simplicity and the common person;
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an advertising strategy that attempts to convince consumers that using a product will enable them to maintain or elevate their social status;
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an advertising strategy that uses exaggerated claims that everyone is using a particular product to encourage consumers to not be left behind;
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anadvertising strategy that plays on a sense of insecurity, trying to persuade consumers that only a specific product can offer relief/solution;
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a persuasive technique that associates a product with some cultural value or image that has a positive connotation but may have little connection to the actual product;
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small advertisements on certain websites (usually related to selling and buying sth), e.g. those on the ebay, allegro, etc.
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- unwanted commercial e-mail;
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the printlike display ads that load across the top or side of a Web page in the 1990s:
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enable users to stream live video content over the internet rather than through cable or satellite
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employ all platforms (internet, cable, satellite) based on the service provider's preference
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streaming popular shows from the past (now often from the 1980s and 1990s - Friends, The Office
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acollection of media products in which several derivative works have been developed in response to the popularization of an original creative work and the commercial exploitation of such through licensing agreements.
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the merging of different types of mass media such as traditional media, print media, broadcast media, new media and the Internet as well as portable and highly interactive technologies through digital media platforms;
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