definicje

hereditary unit consisting of a sequance of dna that occupies a specific location on a chromosome and is transcribed into an rna molecule that may function directly or be translated into an amino-acid chaim

gene

are nucleic acids that along with proteins and carbohydrates constitute three major macromolecules that form a living body.

RNA and DNA

a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of gene

chromosome

a cell with a true nucleus; a cell with a nuclear membrane and organelles.

eukaryotic cell

a specialized part of a cell having some specific function; a cell organ.

organelle

any cellular organism that has no nuclear membrane, no organelles in the cytoplasm except ribosomes,

prokaryotic cell

the total genetic content contained in a haploid set of chromosomes in eukaryotes, in a single chromosome in bacteria or archaea, or in the DNA or RNA of viruses.

genome

the complete set of genes for an organism

genome

is a polymer of two strands of nucleotides which are hydrogen bonded to form a double helix

DNA

a protein molecule and a biological catalyst which brings about a specific biochemical reaction in an organism.

enzyme

stretches of DNA at the ends of chromosomes that play crucial role protecting the ends of DNA when the cell is replicating.

telomeres

nucleid acid essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation and expression of genes.

RNA

an enzyme in eukaryotic cells that can add telomeres to the ends of chromosomes after they divide.

telomerase

a varied group of illnesses that involve nearly every human organ system and in which the body’s immune system becomes misdirected and attacks the very organs it was designed to protect.

autoimmune diseases

an organelle in the cytoplasm of cells that functions in energy production.

mitochondrion

the growing of micro-organisms on a medium, such as agar, in an incubator kept at body temperature, for purposes of identification.(noun)

bacterial culture

the scientific study and engineering of chemical or biological objects measuring between 1 and 1000 nanometers. Objects this small are about the size of atoms or small molecules.

nanotechnology

is any of several related green pigments found in cyanobacteria and the chloroplasts of algae and plants.

chlorophyl

a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease

a vaccine

organisms that consist of more than one cell, in contrast to unicellular organisms.

multicellular organisms

kind of products that are long-term and don’t decay quickly.

non-perishable food

part of the circulatory system used to transport blood through the body.

blood vessel

chemical compounds, mainly proteins, accelerating chemical reactions occurring in living organisms by reducing their activation energy. They increase the rate at which chemical reactions occur without being consumed or permanently altered themselves

enzymes

chemical substances added to food to stop it from decaying.

preservatives

a substance (enzyme) used for making milk thicker, especially to make cheese

rennet

tiny living things that are found all around us and are too small to be seen by the naked eye.

microbes

plants that contain foreign DNA in their cells.

genetically modified crops

a member of a group of people without permanent residence, moving from place to place.

Nomadic herdsmen

a structural layer surrounding some types of cells, just outside the cell membrane.

cell wall

is a cell with the unique ability to develop into specialized cell types in the body.

stem cell

globular proteins that control biological reactions; substances produced by our bodies that help us to digest the foods we eat.

digestive enzymes

the process of converting waste materials into new materials and objects. It is an alternative to "conventional" waste disposal that can save material and help lower greenhouse gas emissions.

recycling

is the direct manipulation of the genome in humans using molecular engineering techniques. Genetic modification can be applied in two very different ways: somatic genetic modification and germline genetic modification.

human genetic modification

conscious and intentional interference in the genetic material of organisms in order to change their hereditary properties.

gene technology

sort of genetic modification that adds, cuts, or changes the genes in some of the cells of an existing person, because of a medical condition. The change is done in somatic cells and therefore not inherited.

somatic genetic modification

sort of genetic modification that would change the genes in eggs, sperm, or early embryos. Modifying a germ cell causes all the organism's cells to contain the modified gene. The change is therefore heritable and passed on to later generations

germline genetic modification

therapeutic gene transfer

gene terapy

is the process by which the heritable information in a gene, the sequence of DNA base pairs, is made into functional gene product, such as protein or RNA.

gene expression

is the process by which the therapeutic genes are transferred into any cell other than a gamete, germ cell, gametocyte, or undifferentiated stem cell. Any such modifications affect the individual patient only, and are not inherited.

somatic cell gene therapy

is the process by which germ cells are modified for therapeutic reasons by the introduction of functional genes into their genomes. Modifying a germ cell causes all the organism's cells to contain the modified gene

germline gene therapy

is the smallest part of living structure that can operate as an independent unit

cell

the chemical break down of a substance by bacteria, yeasts or other microorganisms; extraction of energy from carbohydrates in the absence of oxygen; metabolic process that produces chemical changes in organic substrates by the action of enzymes

fermentation

a chemical used to kill pests, especially insects

pesticide

it's a combination of two different elements using chemical bond

compound

a group of atoms bonded together representing the smallest fundamental unit of a chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction.

molecule

is a type of wastewater that is produce by community of people

sewage

a membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells, chich contains cell’s genome (except for mitochondrial DNA)

nucleus

is a small DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently; circular DNA molecule found in bacteria and other cells.

plasmid

plants that have been genetically engineered and contain foreign DNA in their cells.

transgenic plants

plants that are grown up by humans for food and other resources

crop plants

is a common laboratory technique used to make many copies (millions or billions!) of a particular region of DNA.

polymerase chain reaction(PCR)

a short sequence of nucleotides that provides a starting point for DNA synthesis in PCR

primer

are short pieces of single-stranded DNA, usually around 20 nucleotides in length

pcr primers

an enzyme which brings about the formation of a particular polymer, especially DNA or RNA.

polymerase

any of a group of molecules that, when linked together, form the building blocks of DNA or RNA: composed of a phosphate group, the bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine, and a pentose sugar, in RNA the thymine base being replaced by uracil.

nucleotide

a compound that consist of a ribose or deoxyribose sugar, nitrogen bases and a phosphate, it is a basic structural unit of nucleic acids

nucleotide

one of the four nitrogen bases, combines with thymine

adenine

one of the four constituent bases of nucleic acids. It is paired with cytosine in double-stranded DNA.

guanine

a compound which is one of the four constituent bases of nucleic acids. The symbol is ‘T’ and combines with adenine.

thymine

an organic chemical compound, one of the pyrimidine bases found in DNA and RNA as an element of nucleotides. It forms a pair with guanine.

cytosine

an illness, which is not very serious, typically a minor one

ailment

a class of nitrogenous organic compounds which have large molecules composed of one or more long chains of amino acids and are an essential part of all living organisms.

protein

an odourless, tasteless white substance occurring widely in plant tissue and obtained chiefly from cereals and potatoes.

starch

a type of gram-negative bacteria that lives naturally in soil. It has the unique ability to transfer its DNA to plants.

agrobacterium

the first step in gene expression, by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA.

transcription

is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious disease.

a vaccine

is a large, Y-shaped protein used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses.

an antibody

is a form of indirect protection from infectious disease that occurs when a sufficient percentage of a population has become immune to an infection, whether through vaccination or previous infections

herd immunity

is how your body recognizes and defends itself against bacteria, viruses, and substances that appear foreign and harmful.

the immune response

zastrzyk

an injection

chemical substance produced naturally by living organisms, such as microorganisms like bacteria or fungi or obtained synthetically

antibiotic

the ability to actively and passively protect the body against pathogens

resistance

happens when germs like bacteria and fungi develop the ability to defeat the drugs designed to kill them

antibiotic resistence

the process of circulating blood throughout the body, providing water and nutrients to the tissues

bloodstream

a substance that acts locally, on the epidermis or systemically, when the drug substance enters the blood

ointment

a disease causing agent

pathogen

a toxin or other foreign substance that induces immune response in the body

antigen

long lasting immunity that occurs when an individual produces antibodies to a disease

active immunity

short-term immunity achieved by transfer of antibodies

passive immunity

type of incomplete oxidation of carbohydrates yielding carbon dioxide and alcohol or organic acids and an amount of energy(ATP) that is being converted by microorganisms - bacteria processing this process.

fermentation

the action of purifying a liquid by a process of heating and cooling

distillation

a disaccharide sugar that is found most notably in milk and is formed from galactose and glucose

lactose

a type of fungus to use for producing alcohol in beer and wine and for making bread rise

yeasts

the liquid remaining after milk has been curdled and strained

whey

a substance that provides nourishment for growth or metabolism

nutrient

the solid substance which forms when milk turns sour

curd

any one of various liquids for drinking, usually exluding water

beverage

a plant that produces grain, used as food for people and animals

cereal