Language Studies Cognitive Biases

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Anchoring Bias
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The tendency to rely too heavily on the first piece of information received (the "anchor") when making decisions.
Estimating the price of a used car based on the first price seen, regardless of further information.
Apophenia
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The tendency to perceive meaningful connections between unrelated things.
Seeing patterns in stock market movements that are actually random.
Availability Heuristic
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Overestimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory.
Thinking that plane crashes are more common than they are after seeing a news report about a plane crash.
Cognitive Dissonance
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The mental discomfort experienced by a person who holds contradictory beliefs or ideas.
Continuing to smoke despite knowing it's unhealthy.
Confirmation Bias
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The tendency to search for, interpret, focus on, and remember information in a way that confirms one's preconceptions.
Only reading news articles that align with your political beliefs.
Egocentric Bias
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Over-reliance on one's own perspective and a different perception of oneself compared to others.
Thinking your contribution to a project was more significant than it actually was.
Extension Neglect
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Overlooking the size of the sample or scope of a problem when evaluating it.
Ignoring the rarity of winning in a large lottery when buying a ticket.
False Priors
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Initial beliefs or knowledge that interfere with the unbiased evaluation of evidence.
Assuming a medical treatment is ineffective based on past beliefs despite new evidence showing its effectiveness.
Framing Effect
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Drawing different conclusions from the same information based on how that information is presented.
More people choosing surgery when told the “survival” rate rather than the “mortality” rate.
Logical Fallacy
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Error in reasoning that renders an argument invalid.
Assuming that correlation implies causation.
Prospect Theory
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People value gains and losses differently, leading to irrational financial choices.
Preferring a certain gain over a probable larger gain with some risk.
Self-assessment
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Misjudgment of one’s abilities or condition.
Overestimating one's own driving skills.
Truth Judgment
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Bias in evaluating the truth of a statement or belief.
Believing a statement is true because it has been heard repeatedly.
Common Source Bias
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The tendency to combine or compare information from the same or similar sources.
Relying solely on a single news outlet for information on a complex issue.
Conservatism Bias
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The tendency to insufficiently revise one's beliefs when presented with new evidence.
Sticking to traditional investing strategies despite new trends suggesting a change in the market.
Functional Fixedness
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A limitation in thinking, where one is unable to use an object beyond its traditional use.
Not realizing you can use a coin as a screwdriver in the absence of actual tools.
Law of the Instrument
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Over-reliance on a familiar tool or method.
Using a hammer for tasks that would be better served by other tools, like a screwdriver.
Clustering Illusion
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The tendency to overestimate the importance of small patterns in large sets of data.
Seeing trends in stock market movements that are actually random.
Illusory Correlation
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Perceiving a relationship between two unrelated events.
Believing that wearing a certain color increases chances of winning a game.
Pareidolia
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Tendency to interpret a vague stimulus as something familiar.
Seeing shapes in clouds or a face on the moon.
Anthropocentric Thinking
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Using human analogies for understanding non-human biological phenomena.
Assuming animals have human-like family structures.
Anthropomorphism
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Attributing human characteristics to animals, objects, or abstract concepts.
Believing a pet dog feels guilty for misbehaving.
Attentional Bias
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The tendency of our perception to be affected by our recurring thoughts.
Noticing more cars like yours after you buy one.
Frequency Illusion
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Once noticing something, seeing it everywhere, leading to a belief it's common.
After learning a new word, you start noticing it in conversations and readings frequently.
Implicit Association
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Unconscious associations that influence attitudes and decisions.
Subconsciously associating certain foods with comfort due to childhood experiences.
Salience Bias
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Focusing on items that are more prominent and ignoring unremarkable ones.
Remembering only the dramatic events of a trip and forgetting the mundane details.
Selection Bias
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A bias caused by the non-random selection of participants.
Conducting a survey on physical activity in a gym, leading to skewed results.
Survivorship Bias
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Focusing only on the surviving examples, thus getting a distorted view of reality.
Studying only successful companies while ignoring failed ones.
Well-travelled Road Effect
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Underestimating the duration taken to travel familiar routes and overestimating for unfamiliar ones.
Thinking your daily commute takes less time than it actually does.
Normalcy Bias
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The refusal to plan for, or react to, a disaster which has never occurred before.
Ignoring evacuation warnings because you've never experienced a major disaster.
Effort Justification
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Attributing greater value to an outcome if significant effort was put into achieving it.
Valuing a piece of furniture you assembled yourself more than a pre-assembled one
Ben Franklin Effect
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A person who has done someone a favor is more likely to do them another favor.
Feeling more positively towards someone after you lent them help.
Backfire Effect
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Reacting to disconfirming evidence by strengthening one's previous beliefs.
Holding onto a conspiracy theory even more tightly when presented with facts that contradict it.
Congruence Bias
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The tendency to test hypotheses through direct testing, instead of considering alternative explanations.
Only focusing on evidence that supports your hypothesis in an experiment.
Experimenter’s Bias
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The tendency for experimenters to believe, certify, and publish data that agree with their expectations.
A researcher finding results that align with their hypothesis and overlooking contrary data.
Observer-Expectancy Effect
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When a researcher's expectations unintentionally influence the outcome of a study.
Subconsciously giving cues to human or animal subjects in experiments.
Selective Perception
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The tendency for expectations to affect perception.
Hearing what you want to hear in a conversation or a debate.
Semmelweis Reflex
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The tendency to reject new evidence that contradicts an established paradigm.
Dismissing new research because it doesn't fit with traditional methods or understanding.
Egocentric Bias
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Relying too heavily on one's own perspective and/or having a higher opinion of oneself than others.
Thinking your memories are more accurate than others' recollections.
Bias Blind Spot
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Seeing oneself as less biased than other people.
Believing that you are not influenced by advertising, unlike others.
False Consensus Effect
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Overestimating the extent to which others share your opinions and beliefs.
Assuming everyone in your circle feels the same way about a political issue.
False Uniqueness Bias
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Believing your abilities or interests are more unique than they actually are.
Thinking you're the only one who appreciates a certain type of music in your group.
Forer Effect (Barnum Effect)
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The tendency to give high accuracy ratings to vague and general personality descriptions.
Believing a horoscope is tailored specifically to you, despite it being generic.
Illusion of Asymmetric Insight
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Believing one's knowledge of their peers surpasses their peers' knowledge of them.
Thinking you understand your friends better than they understand you.
Illusion of Control
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The tendency to overestimate one's degree of influence over external events.
Believing your actions can influence the outcome of a completely random event like a lottery draw.
Illusion of Transparency
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Overestimating how well others understand your personal mental state.
Assuming your nervousness is obvious to others when it's not.
Illusion of Validity
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Overestimating the accuracy of one's judgments.
Being confident in a stock market prediction based on patterns you've noticed.
Illusory Superiority
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Overestimating one's desirable qualities and underestimating undesirable qualities compared to others.
Believing you're more skilled than your coworkers.
Naïve Cynicism
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Expecting more self-interest driven actions in others than in oneself.
Assuming others are more biased or selfish in their actions than you would be in the same situation.
Naïve Realism
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Belief that we see the world objectively, and those who disagree are uninformed, irrational, or biased.
Feeling that people with different political views just don't understand the 'facts'.
Overconfidence Effect
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Excessive confidence in one's own answers to questions.
Being sure about the facts in a trivia game, only to find out they're incorrect.
Planning Fallacy
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Underestimating the time it will take to complete a task.
Thinking a work project will take two days when it actually takes a week.
Restraint Bias
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Overestimating one's ability to control impulsive behavior.
Thinking you can resist eating junk food when it's readily available, but then eating it anyway.
Trait Ascription Bias
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Viewing oneself as more variable in terms of personality, behavior, and mood than others.
Believing that you react differently in different situations, but others always react the same way.
Third-person Effect
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Belief that mass communicated media messages have a greater effect on others than on oneself.
Thinking that advertising influences other people, but not believing it influences you.
Base Rate Fallacy
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Ignoring general information in favor of specifics in the evaluation of a decision or event.
Overlooking the fact that serious diseases are rare when diagnosing a common symptom.
Compassion Fade
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Being less moved by suffering as the number of victims increases.
Feeling more sympathy for a single starving child than for a large group of starving children.
Conjunction Fallacy
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Assuming that specific conditions are more probable than general ones.
Thinking a bank teller is more likely to be a bank teller and a feminist than just a bank teller.

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