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Frage		Antworten
booklet Lernen beginnen		small thin book with a soft cover, often giving information about something
novel Lernen beginnen		a long written story about imaginary or partly imaginary characters and events
forecast Lernen beginnen		a prediction of the future
broadcast Lernen beginnen		transmission
bulletin Lernen beginnen		a short news broadcast
coverage Lernen beginnen		news about something on television or radio or in the newspapers
edition Lernen beginnen		version, specific issue
mass media Lernen beginnen		Forms of communication, such as newspapers and radio, that reach millions of people.
campaign Lernen beginnen		A series of actions intended to accomplish a goal
brochure Lernen beginnen		small, thin book like a magazine, which gives information, often about travel, or a company, etc.
subliminal messages Lernen beginnen		Words or pictures that are not consciously perceived but may nevertheless influence people's judgments, attitudes, and behaviors
to negate Lernen beginnen		to deny
glued to Lernen beginnen		Giving all his attention to
sensationalize Lernen beginnen		to write or talk about an event in a way that makes it seem as exciting and shocking as possible
on average Lernen beginnen		not special or unusual; oridinary
increasingly Lernen beginnen		more and more
fiction Lernen beginnen		A story that is not true or is made up
illegible Lernen beginnen		difficult to read
gist Lernen beginnen		the main point/idea
unprintable Lernen beginnen		too offensive or shocking to be published
literature Lernen beginnen		written works, especially those considered of superior or lasting artistic merit.
shorthand Lernen beginnen		a quick way of writing that uses symbols to represent letters, words, or phrases, used especially when you write what someone is saying as they are talking
illiterate Lernen beginnen		unable to read or write
prose Lernen beginnen		written language in its ordinary form rather than poetry
manuscript Lernen beginnen		the original copy of a book or article before it is printed
outline Lernen beginnen		the main shape or edge of something, without any details
reporting Lernen beginnen		articles in newspapers or on television about particular subjects
circulation Lernen beginnen		the number of copies of a newspaper or magazine that are sold every day, week, or month (nakład)
out of print Lernen beginnen		no longer available to buy because new copies are no longer being produced
correspondent Lernen beginnen		a person employed by a newspaper, a television station, etc. to report on a particular subject or send reports from a foreign country
journalist Lernen beginnen		a person who writes news stories or articles for a newspaper or magazine or broadcasts them on radio or television
output Lernen beginnen		the amount of something produced by a person, machine, or industry
publication Lernen beginnen		a published work
banning Lernen beginnen		the act of forbidding something
censorship Lernen beginnen		the banning of printed materials or films due to alarming or offensive ideas
intended Lernen beginnen		planned or meant
target Lernen beginnen		a person who is the object of an intentional action
population Lernen beginnen		all the people living in a particular country, area, or place
public Lernen beginnen		community
calmly Lernen beginnen		in a quiet and peaceful manner
blankly Lernen beginnen		without expression or understanding
spoonful Lernen beginnen		as much as a spoon can hold
headlong Lernen beginnen		With great speed or force; reckless
terrifying Lernen beginnen		very frightening
controversial Lernen beginnen		causing disagreement or discussion
unacceptable Lernen beginnen		not acceptable
implication Lernen beginnen		an occasion when you seem to suggest something without saying it directly
interpretation Lernen beginnen		an explanation or opinion of what something means
subconscious Lernen beginnen		not fully aware
encouragement Lernen beginnen		the act of giving hope or support to someone
lifeless Lernen beginnen		martwy, bez życia
lifelong Lernen beginnen		dożywotni, na całe życie
long-life Lernen beginnen		o przedłużonej trwałości
lowlife Lernen beginnen		podlec, zwyrodnialec
love life Lernen beginnen		życie miłosne
life lessons Lernen beginnen		lekcje życia
lust for life Lernen beginnen		chęć do życia
the love of my life Lernen beginnen		miłość mojego życia
loss of life Lernen beginnen		utrata życia, tu: ofiary w ludziach
a new lease of life Lernen beginnen		nowe życie
lifelong learning Lernen beginnen		nauka przez całe życie
live a life of luxury Lernen beginnen		wieść luksusowe życie
live life in the fast lane Lernen beginnen		wieść życie na pełne wrażeń (często też niebezpieczeństwa)
lay down my life Lernen beginnen		oddać swoje życie
larger than life Lernen beginnen		larger than life
leading a double life Lernen beginnen		prowadzić podwójne życie
when life gives you lemons, make lemonade Lernen beginnen		widzieć pozytywy w negatywnej sytuacji
shelf life Lernen beginnen		okres przydatności
after life Lernen beginnen		życie po śmierci
life force Lernen beginnen		siła życia
still life Lernen beginnen		martwa natura
real life Lernen beginnen		prawdziwe życie
full of life Lernen beginnen		pełen życia
obituaries Lernen beginnen		descriptions of the lives of people who have just died
leader/editorial Lernen beginnen		an article giving the newspaper editor's opinion
classified ads Lernen beginnen		pages of advertisements in different categories
supplements Lernen beginnen		separate magazines included with the newspaper
feature Lernen beginnen		an article or set of articles devoted to a particular topic
agony column Lernen beginnen		section in a paper or magazine that deal with readers' private emotional problems
agony aunt Lernen beginnen		person, typically a woman, who answers letters in the agony column
pamphlet Lernen beginnen		a small book dealing with specific topic, often political
leaflet Lernen beginnen		single sheet or folded sheets of paper giving information about something
brochure Lernen beginnen		small, thin book like a magazine, which gives information, often about travel, or a company, etc.
prospectus Lernen beginnen		small, thin book like a magazine, which gives information about a school, college or university, or a company
flyer Lernen beginnen		single sheet giving information about some event, special offer, etc., often given out in the street
booklet Lernen beginnen		small thin book with a soft cover, often giving information about something
manual Lernen beginnen		book of detailed instructions how to use something
book spine Lernen beginnen		The part of the book where all the pages are joined together (grzbiet książki)
book jacket Lernen beginnen		a removable paper cover, usually illustrated, for protecting the binding of a book and usually giving information about the book and the author
subscription Lernen beginnen		a payment for consecutive issues of a newspaper or magazine for a given period of time
foreword Lernen beginnen		Before Chapter I, there is a brief foreword in which the author explains why he wrote the book.
magazine issue Lernen beginnen		edition, publication
binder Lernen beginnen		holder, folder (segregator)
edition Lernen beginnen		version, specific issue
quarterly Lernen beginnen		every three months
ghost writer Lernen beginnen		a person who writes for another without getting the credit
desktop publishing Lernen beginnen		published using a home computer to design it
facsimile Lernen beginnen		an exact copy
to list Lernen beginnen		To make a record of short pieces of information
expose Lernen beginnen		to put something out for others to see
draw attention to Lernen beginnen		to make someone notice something
to give the lowdown on Lernen beginnen		to present the most important informations about somehting
packed with Lernen beginnen		filled with/full of
small print Lernen beginnen		text in a formal agreement that is printed smaller than the rest of the text, sometimes in the hope that it will not be noticed
dumbing down Lernen beginnen		the act of making something simpler and easier for people to understand, especially in order to make it more popular
fake news Lernen beginnen		false stories that appear to be news, spread on the internet or using other media, usually created to influence political views or as a joke
going viral Lernen beginnen		used to describe something that quickly becomes very popular or well known by being published on the internet or sent from person to person by email, phone, etc.
clickbait Lernen beginnen		articles, photographs, etc. on the internet that are intended to attract attention and encourage people to click on links to particular websites
echo chamber Lernen beginnen		a situation in which people only hear opinions of one type, or opinions that are similar to their own:
filter bubble Lernen beginnen		a situation in which someone only hears or sees news and information that supports what they already believe and like, especially a situation created on the internet as a result of algorithms (= sets of rules) that choose the results of someone's searches
listicles Lernen beginnen		a newspaper, magazine, or online article that is in the form of a list
Fifteen Minutes of Fame Lernen beginnen		a brief period when someone becomes famous for something unimportant
stifling (to stifle) Lernen beginnen		to cut off, hold back, or smother (?)
pressure groups Lernen beginnen		people trying to influence what other people think about a particular issue
to air views Lernen beginnen		to express opinion
seek publicity Lernen beginnen		want to reach a wider audience
press conference Lernen beginnen		meetings to give information to and answer questions from the press
issue a statement/press release Lernen beginnen		give a formal announcement to the press
sound bite Lernen beginnen		short memorable sentence or phrase that will be repeated in news bulletins and articles
silly season Lernen beginnen		time of year, when there is not much happening and trivial stories end up on the front page
tapping useful sources Lernen beginnen		making use of people or organisations which regularly provide news
monitoring Lernen beginnen		regularly checking
column inch Lernen beginnen		space
put their own gloss/spin on a story Lernen beginnen		present a story in a particular way
muck-raking Lernen beginnen		collecting scandal (informal and disapproving)
a rag Lernen beginnen		a newspaper or magazine that is considered to be of bad quality
the gutter press Lernen beginnen		the type of newspapers that pay more attention to shocking stories about crime and sex than to serious matters
a glossy Lernen beginnen		expensive magazine printed on good quality paper
a copy Lernen beginnen		a copy
a deadline Lernen beginnen		A date or time when a project, report, or assignment must be finished.
goes to press Lernen beginnen		it starts to be printed
stop press column Lernen beginnen		a place in a newspaper where very recent pieces of news are printed
hot of the press Lernen beginnen		a very new newspaper or story
an exclusive Lernen beginnen		a story that is only to be found in one newspaper
a scoop Lernen beginnen		a story discovered and published by one newspaper before all the others
hit the headlines Lernen beginnen		get a lot of publicity from the media
story breaks Lernen beginnen		becomes public knowledge
receive a lot of coverage Lernen beginnen		receive a lot of space in the press
libel Lernen beginnen		written defamation
defamation of character Lernen beginnen		wrongfully hurting a person's good reputation
back copies Lernen beginnen		previous issues of newspapers
newspaper cuttings Lernen beginnen		newspaper cuttings
innovative Lernen beginnen		original and interesting
unsurpassed Lernen beginnen		the best there is
leave other cars standing Lernen beginnen		are much better than other cars
put/leave other candidates in the shade Lernen beginnen		make candidates seem insignificant
rock-bottom prices Lernen beginnen		extremely low
slashed Lernen beginnen		dramatically reduced
bargains galore Lernen beginnen		a huge number of products on sale at ridiculously low prices
pamper yourself Lernen beginnen		treat yourself to something luxurious
indulge yourself Lernen beginnen		allow yourself something enjoyable
sumptuous Lernen beginnen		costly, rich, magnificent (food and furnishing)
opulent Lernen beginnen		rich, luxurious; wealthy (lifestyle)
in the lap of luxury Lernen beginnen		in a very luxurious way
scientifically designed Lernen beginnen		designed with scientific methods (?)
proven Lernen beginnen		shown by research
state-of-the-art Lernen beginnen		using the latest technology
stand out in the crowd Lernen beginnen		to be noticed
tantalisingly Lernen beginnen		temptingly
fetching / alluring Lernen beginnen		attractive
alliteration Lernen beginnen		repetition of a sound
billboards Lernen beginnen		very large boards used for advertising
flyers Lernen beginnen		sheets of printed information advertising something
trailers Lernen beginnen		brief excerpts from a film, TV or radio programme which are used to advertise it
sky-writing Lernen beginnen		words written in the sky using smoke from a plane
sandwich board Lernen beginnen		advertising posters hung at the back and front of a person who then walks around a busy area
to plug Lernen beginnen		to advertise/promote (a product, etc.)
the Anthropocene Lernen beginnen		the modern geological era during which humans have dramatically affected the environment
climate change Lernen beginnen		changes in the world's weather, it is getting warmer as a result of human activity increasing the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
the climate crisis Lernen beginnen		serious problems that are being caused or likely to be caused by changes in the world's weather
fossil fuels Lernen beginnen		fuels, such as gas, coal, and oil, that were formed underground from plant and animal remains millions of years ago
carbon/water footprint Lernen beginnen		Someone's carbon footprint is a measurement of the amount of carbon dioxide that their activities produce.
The water footprint measures the amount of water used to produce each of the goods and services we use. Lernen beginnen		The water footprint measures the amount of water used to produce each of the goods and services we use.
carbon capture Lernen beginnen		a way of collecting the carbon produced when fuel is burned, so that it is not released into the air
climate engineering Lernen beginnen		also known as "geoengineering," it is the intentional large-scale intervention in the Earth's climate system to counter climate change
a wind farm/turbine Lernen beginnen		a group of wind turbines that are used for producing electricity
a solar panel Lernen beginnen		a device that changes energy from the sun into electricity
wave power Lernen beginnen		is the capture of energy of wind waves to do useful work - for example, electricity generation, water desalination, or pumping water
tidal power Lernen beginnen		is harnessed by converting energy from tides into useful forms of power, mainly electricity using various methods
a fuel cell Lernen beginnen		a device that changes the chemical energy from a fuel into electricity
fusion Lernen beginnen		a technique of joining atoms in a reaction that produces energy
factory farming Lernen beginnen		a system of farming in which a lot of animals are kept in a small closed area, in order to produce a large amount of meat, eggs, or milk as cheaply as possible
vertical farming Lernen beginnen		the activity of growing crops in tall buildings with many floors
cultured meat Lernen beginnen		meat produced by in vitro cell culture of animal cells, instead of from slaughtered animals
organic food Lernen beginnen		the practice of growing crops without pesticides or chemical fertilizers
slow food Lernen beginnen		good food that is prepared and cooked carefully
a doomsday scenario Lernen beginnen		an extremely serious or dangerous situation that could end in death or destruction
living off the grid Lernen beginnen		livinf without the connection to the public supply of electricity, gas, etc.
de-extinction Lernen beginnen		process of generating an organism that is either an extinct species or resembles an extinct species
genome sequencing Lernen beginnen		the process of determining the complete DNA sequence of an organism's genome at a single time
genetic Lernen beginnen		belonging or relating to genes received by each animal or plant from its parents
engineering/modification Lernen beginnen		a change to something, usually to improve it
gene editing Lernen beginnen		the process of changing genes using scientific methods, in order to cure or prevent disease
gene therapy Lernen beginnen		the science of changing genes in order to stop or prevent a disease
a designer baby Lernen beginnen		a baby whose genes have been chosen by its parents and doctors so that it has particular characteristics
cloning Lernen beginnen		the process of creating an exact copy of a plant or animal by using its cells
an artificial uterus Lernen beginnen		a device that would allow for extracorporeal pregnancy by growing a fetus outside the body of an organism that would normally carry the fetus to term
a brain transplant Lernen beginnen		it's a procedure in which the brain of one organism is transplanted into the body of another organism.
printed organs Lernen beginnen		a computer model is fed into a printer that lays down successive layers of plastics or wax until a 3D object is produced
grown-to-order organs Lernen beginnen		grown on demand
artificial intelligence Lernen beginnen		the study of how to produce machines that have some of the qualities that the human mind has, such as the ability to understand language, recognize pictures, solve problems, and learn
facial recognition Lernen beginnen		technology that makes it possible for a computer to recognize a digital image of someone's face
a deepfake Lernen beginnen		a video or sound recording that replaces someone's face or voice with that of someone else, in a way that appears real
de-aging Lernen beginnen		it's a visual effects technique used to make an actor look younger, especially for flashback scenes
augmented reality Lernen beginnen		images produced by a computer and used together with a view of the real world
the (technology) singularity Lernen beginnen		a hypothetical point in time at which technological growth becomes uncontrollable and irreversible, resulting in unforeseeable changes to human civilization
quantum computing Lernen beginnen		the use of quantum phenomena such as superposition and entanglement to perform computation.
the Cloud Lernen beginnen		is a model of computer data storage in which the digital data is stored in logical pools, said to be on "the cloud"
net neutrality Lernen beginnen		the principle that the companies that provide services on the internet should make all information equally available to users, and not make any particular service, website, etc. cheaper or faster to use than any other
big data Lernen beginnen		very large sets of data that are produced by people using the internet, and that can only be stored, understood, and used with the help of special tools and methods
the internet of things Lernen beginnen		objects with computing devices in them that are able to connect to each other and exchange data using the internet
a smart home Lernen beginnen		refers to a convenient home setup where appliances and devices can be automatically controlled remotely from anywhere with an internet connection using a mobile or other networked device
a smart city Lernen beginnen		an urban area that uses different types of electronic methods and sensors to collect data.
the darknet Lernen beginnen		a computer network that uses the internet but can only be joined by people who have permission or who have the right software
nomophobia Lernen beginnen		fear or worry at the idea of being without your mobile phone or unable to use it
FOMO Lernen beginnen		Fear of Missing Out
infinite scrolling Lernen beginnen		a web-design technique that loads content continuously as the user scrolls down the page, eliminating the need for pagination
phishing Lernen beginnen		an attempt to trick someone into giving information over the internet or by email that would allow someone else to take money from them, for example by taking money out of their bank account
cryptocurrency Lernen beginnen		a digital currency produced by a public network, rather than any government, that uses cryptography to make sure payments are sent and received safely
blockchain Lernen beginnen		a system used to make a digital record of all the occasions a cryptocurrency is bought or sold, and that is constantly growing as more blocks are added
universal translator Lernen beginnen		a device common to many science fiction works, especially on television, the translator's purpose is to offer an instant translation of any language
a smart TV Lernen beginnen		a television on which you can also use the internet
a home assistant Lernen beginnen		a brand name for a computer program that can be used to control devices in your home such as lights and heating
smart glasses Lernen beginnen		a pair of glasses that contain computer technology so that, for example, they can be used in a similar way to a smartphone, or you can get information added to what you are seeing as you look through them
planned obsolescence Lernen beginnen		a situation in which goods are deliberately made or designed so that they do not last for a long period of time
the right to repair Lernen beginnen		legal concept that allows consumers to repair the products they buy or choose their own service providers instead of going through the manufacturer
Satnav Lernen beginnen		abbreviation for satellite navigation: a system of computers and satellites, used in vehicles and other places to tell you where something is, where you are, or how to get to a place
self-driving vehicles Lernen beginnen		a vehicle that is capable of sensing its environment and moving safely with little or no human input
a flying car Lernen beginnen		a type of personal air vehicle or roadable aircraft that provides door-to-door transportation by both ground and air
an e-plane Lernen beginnen		it's a reference plane for linearly polarized waveguides, antennas and other microwave devices
an unmanned aerial vehicle Lernen beginnen		an aircraft without a human pilot on board
a jetpack Lernen beginnen		a device worn on the back that uses gas or water to push someone into the air, especially an astronaut
maglev Lernen beginnen		short for magnetic levitation: an advanced type of transport system in which a train travels on a magnetic track, often at very high speeds
a hyperloop Lernen beginnen		a sealed tube or system of tubes with low air pressure through which a pod may travel substantially free of air resistance or friction
supersonic transport Lernen beginnen		a civilian supersonic aircraft designed to transport passengers at speeds greater than the speed of sound
teleportation Lernen beginnen		the act of travelling by an imaginary very fast form of transport that uses special technology or special mental powers, or of causing someone or something to travel in this way
interplanetary/interstellar Lernen beginnen		between planets/stars
travel Lernen beginnen		to make a journey, usually over a long distance
suspended animation Lernen beginnen		a state in which life in a body is temporarily slowed down or stopped
cryogenics Lernen beginnen		the scientific study of very low temperatures and how to produce them
nanotechnology Lernen beginnen		an area of science that deals with developing and producing extremely small tools and machines by controlling the arrangement of separate atoms
graphene Lernen beginnen		a form of carbon consisting of sheets that have the thickness of one atom. The atoms are arranged in a honeycomb pattern
3D printing Lernen beginnen		the process of printing a solid object from a digital model by printing many separate layers of the object
robotisation Lernen beginnen		the introduction of robots to carry out industrial tasks
soft robotics Lernen beginnen		specific subfield of robotics dealing with constructing robots from highly compliant materials, similar to those found in living organisms
technological unemployment Lernen beginnen		the loss of jobs caused by technological change
lidar Lernen beginnen		a method for measuring distances by illuminating the target with laser light and measuring the reflection with a sensor
to teeter Lernen beginnen		move or balance unsteadily; sway back and forth
to tee off Lernen beginnen		start or launch an event (?)
incurable Lernen beginnen		not able to be cured
to pave the way Lernen beginnen		open up opportunities, to make something possible
a downside Lernen beginnen		a disadvantage of a situation
way faster Lernen beginnen		quicker
to some extent Lernen beginnen		partly
to outperform sb Lernen beginnen		be more successful than.
opinionated Lernen beginnen		stubborn and often unreasonable in holding to one's own ideas, having a closed mind
biased Lernen beginnen		bias; showing an unreasonable like or dislike for a person based on personal opinions
to flunk a class Lernen beginnen		to fail a class
to be fined Lernen beginnen		to make somebody pay money as an official punishment
to live with a decision Lernen beginnen		to live with a decision
a slippery slope Lernen beginnen		a bad situation or habit that, after it has started, is likely to get very much worse
be accountable Lernen beginnen		being officially responsible for something
dignity Lernen beginnen		calm, serious, and controlled behaviour that makes people respect you
friend or foe? Lernen beginnen		A person who is both a friend and enemy
to alter sth Lernen beginnen		to change something, usually slightly, or to cause the characteristics of something to change
with hindsight Lernen beginnen		the ability to understand an event or situation only after it has happened
a waste of space Lernen beginnen		a person or thing that is not useful or helpful
to go _____ (e.g. "Skynet") Lernen beginnen		to go _____ (eg "Skynet")
disdainful Lernen beginnen		showing that someone does not like someone or something and thinks that they do not deserve interest or respect
mere (human beings) Lernen beginnen		used to emphasize how strongly someone feels about something or how extreme a situation is
just in case Lernen beginnen		to protect against something bad that could happen
a foible Lernen beginnen		a strange habit or characteristic that is seen as not important and not harming anyone
to use sth against sb Lernen beginnen		to use sth against sb
an overlord Lernen beginnen		a person in a position of power, especially in the past
to worship Lernen beginnen		to love, respect, and admire someone or something very much, often without noticing the bad qualities of that person or thing
upfront Lernen beginnen		speaking or behaving in a way that makes intentions and beliefs clear
input Lernen beginnen		Something put into a system, such as resources, in order to achieve a result.
collaboration Lernen beginnen		the situation of two or more people working together to create or achieve the same thing
it takes a village Lernen beginnen		a lot of people (?)
legislation /ˌledʒ.əˈsleɪ.ʃən/ Lernen beginnen		law-making (a person = legislator, verb = to legislate)
Members of Parliament (MPs) Lernen beginnen		Elected members of the British or other parliament.
assiduously /əˈsɪdʒ.u.əs.li/ Lernen beginnen		in a steady and hard-working way (sumiennie)
constituents Lernen beginnen		people who elected one MP (as a group = constituency)
lobbies Lernen beginnen		people who try to influence MPs (verb = lobby)
corporations Lernen beginnen		large companies (adj = corporate)
Institute of Directors Lernen beginnen		organisation of top business people
ministers Lernen beginnen		MPs with top responsibilities, e.g. for health, education
civil servant / the Civil Service Lernen beginnen		people employed in government department
lobbyists Lernen beginnen		someone who tries to persuade a politician or official group to do something
Chancellor of the Exchequer /eksˈtʃek.ɚ/ Lernen beginnen		finance minister (UK)
annual budget Lernen beginnen		yearly financial plan (of tax rates, etc.)
petition Lernen beginnen		a formal request signed by lots of people
tax concession Lernen beginnen		a reduction in taxes (verb = concede)
producer, manufacturer Lernen beginnen		a person or business that makes sth
centralised Lernen beginnen		concentrated in one central organisation (noun = centralisation)
close-knit Lernen beginnen		with close ties to each other
well-funded Lernen beginnen		with plenty of financial support
consumers Lernen beginnen		People who buy and use goods and services.
scattered Lernen beginnen		dispersed; spread out or separated widely
fragmented Lernen beginnen		separate; not centralised
backstairs (pressure, deals) Lernen beginnen		secret and usually dishonest or illegal; hidden from the public
concealed Lernen beginnen		hidden
Friends of the Earth Lernen beginnen		large environmental organisation
Child Poverty Action Group Lernen beginnen		large organisation helping children
paid-up members Lernen beginnen		people who have paid their membership fees, i.e. committed members
relentlessly /rɪˈlent.ləs.li/ Lernen beginnen		in an extreme way that continues without stopping; menacing
deputations Lernen beginnen		people sent to speak for a group
intimidate Lernen beginnen		To frighten, especially by threatening someone
counter Lernen beginnen		to oppose
grievance /ˈɡriː.vəns/ Lernen beginnen		complaint about unfair treatment
appeal to Lernen beginnen		request support from
red tape paperwork Lernen beginnen		formalities official procedure; bureaucracy
parish Lernen beginnen		A local church community. (parafia albo gmina)
encircle Lernen beginnen		to surround or form a circle around
commerce Lernen beginnen		the activities involved in buying and selling things
mass-produced Lernen beginnen		made in large quantities
constituency Lernen beginnen		area represented by one MP
petitioner Lernen beginnen		person signing a formal request
consumption Lernen beginnen		amount purchased, used or eaten
pressuries Lernen beginnen		to try to force someone to do something
representative Lernen beginnen		person standing for the interests of a group
to inluence Lernen beginnen		to affect
a climax Lernen beginnen		most important or exciting point
to press for Lernen beginnen		to argue in favour of (to press for reform, to press for change)
negotiation Lernen beginnen		The settling of a dispute through discussion
self-sufficiency Lernen beginnen		The ability of a country or person to support themselves without outside help
immunization Lernen beginnen		A means of protecting people against some diseases
recycling Lernen beginnen		Collection of raw materials so that they can be used again
subsidy Lernen beginnen		Money given by a government to lower the prices of e.g. basic foods
irrigation Lernen beginnen		A system of distributing water to places which need it for agriculture
charity Lernen beginnen		An organization which collects money from the public and uses it to help people in need
consumption Lernen beginnen		the act of using, eating, or drinking something
renewable Lernen beginnen		able to be created again
rainfall Lernen beginnen		rain, or the amount of rain that falls
shortages Lernen beginnen		a situation in which there is not enough of something
ecological Lernen beginnen		relating to ecology (= the relationship between living things and their environment) or the environment
wildlife Lernen beginnen		animals and plants that grow independently of people, usually in natural conditions
extinction Lernen beginnen		a situation in which something no longer exists
deforestation Lernen beginnen		the cutting down of trees in a large area, or the destruction of forests by people
endangered Lernen beginnen		in danger of becoming extinct
intervention Lernen beginnen		the action of becoming intentionally involved in a difficult situation, in order to improve it or prevent it from getting worse
household Lernen beginnen		a group of people, often a family, who live together
harmful Lernen beginnen		causing harm
pesticides Lernen beginnen		a chemical substance used to kill harmful insects, small animals, wild plants, and other unwanted organisms
production Lernen beginnen		the process of making or growing goods to be sold
poisonous Lernen beginnen		very harmful and able to cause illness or death
climatic Lernen beginnen		relating to general weather conditions
populated Lernen beginnen		(of a place) having people living there
overrated Lernen beginnen		not as good as people say
overjoyed Lernen beginnen		extremely happy
underestimated Lernen beginnen		to fail to guess or understand the real cost, size, difficulty, etc. of something
oversimplified Lernen beginnen		unrealistically simple
undernourished Lernen beginnen		not eating enough food to continue to be in good health
overburdened Lernen beginnen		having too much to carry, contain, or deal with
underprivileged Lernen beginnen		without the money, possessions, education, opportunities, etc. that the average person has
overcrowded Lernen beginnen		containing too many people or things
underlying Lernen beginnen		real but not immediately obvious
rural Lernen beginnen		relating to farm areas and life in the country
illiterate Lernen beginnen		unable to read or write
essential Lernen beginnen		necessary, basic
wealthy Lernen beginnen		rich
sparsely Lernen beginnen		with only a small number or amount of people or things
impoverished Lernen beginnen		very poor
urban Lernen beginnen		relating to a city or town
densely Lernen beginnen		with a lot of things close together
inadequate Lernen beginnen		not good enough or too low in quality
traditional Lernen beginnen		a belief, custom, or way of doing something that has existed for a long time
humanitarian Lernen beginnen		(a person who is) involved in or connected with improving people's lives and reducing suffering
existence Lernen beginnen		the fact of something or someone existing
resistance Lernen beginnen		the act of fighting against something that is attacking you, or refusing to accept something
stabilize Lernen beginnen		If something stabilizes, it becomes fixed or stops changing
devalued Lernen beginnen		to reduce the rate at which money can be exchanged for foreign money
diplomatic Lernen beginnen		acting in a way that does not cause offence
ethnic cleansing Lernen beginnen		Process in which more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region
disproportionate Lernen beginnen		too large or too small in comparison to something else, or not deserving its importance or influence
slavery Lernen beginnen		the activity of owning other people who are forced to work for or obey you
washed away Lernen beginnen		carried away by the movement of water
devaluation Lernen beginnen		the action of reducing the rate at which money can be exchanged for foreign money
erosion Lernen beginnen		the fact of soil, stone, etc. being gradually damaged and removed by the waves, rain, or wind
buried Lernen beginnen		to put a body into the ground
covered Lernen beginnen		put over or on top of
ablaze Lernen beginnen		burning very strongly
smouldering Lernen beginnen		burning with little smoke and no flame
drought Lernen beginnen		a long period when there is little or no rain
evacuate Lernen beginnen		to move people from a dangerous place to somewhere safe
shift Lernen beginnen		to move or change from one position or direction to another, especially slightly
malnutrition Lernen beginnen		physical weakness and bad health caused by having too little food, or too little of the types of food necessary for good health
undernourishment Lernen beginnen		the condition of not eating enough food to continue to be in good health
block sth out Lernen beginnen		stop from passing through
cut off Lernen beginnen		to disconnect, interrupt, or discontinue something or someone
epidemic Lernen beginnen		the appearance of a particular disease in a large number of people at the same time
plague Lernen beginnen		an easily spread disease causing a large number of deaths
sea levels Lernen beginnen		the average height of the sea where it meets the land
pledge Lernen beginnen		a serious or formal promise
advent Lernen beginnen		the fact of an event happening, an invention being made, or a person arriving
sponsored Lernen beginnen		supported financially
proceeds Lernen beginnen		the amount of money received from a particular event or activity or when something is sold
enterprise Lernen beginnen		an organization, especially a business, or a difficult and important plan, especially one that will earn money
aid Lernen beginnen		to help
thrash out Lernen beginnen		discuss in detail in order to find a solution
comprehensive Lernen beginnen		including many details or aspects of something
a two wave panel survey Lernen beginnen		the same people are questioned twice - for example before and after voting
fancy footwork Lernen beginnen		quick or clever actions to deal with a problem
inter-locking things Lernen beginnen		things that are connected (?)
deliver Lernen beginnen		provide sth promised (Membership of the EU wasn't delivering)
big picture Lernen beginnen		the situation as a whole
prosperous Lernen beginnen		Successful and wealthy
Recession Lernen beginnen		A slowdown in a nation's economy
to mishandle Lernen beginnen		manage badly or incompetently
to harden views on sth Lernen beginnen		to become very unfriendly
austerity Lernen beginnen		an economic policy by which a government reduces the amount of money it spends by a large amount
grassroots Lernen beginnen		people at the local level; average voters, not professional politicians
galvanise /ɡæl.və.naɪz/ Lernen beginnen		to stimulate to action, to motivate to vote
dour Lernen beginnen		gloomy
overblown Lernen beginnen		exaggerated
immigration: controlled or uncontrolled Lernen beginnen		the act of someone coming to live in a different country
polls Lernen beginnen		the process of voting in an election / the places where people vote in a political election
allegiance /əˈliː.dʒəns/ Lernen beginnen		loyalty
volatility Lernen beginnen		suddenly changing or becoming more dangerous
unglued Lernen beginnen		separated or detached
to come unglued- to experience difficulties and fail Lernen beginnen		to come unglued- to experience difficulties and fail
policymaking system Lernen beginnen		the process of developing policies
Populism Lernen beginnen		politics that represents the interests and opinions of ordinary people
the Tories Lernen beginnen		Conservative Party
go pear-shaped Lernen beginnen		(of a plan) to go badly wrong
to skew Lernen beginnen		to twist, to manipulate
Devolution Lernen beginnen		the process of taking power from a central authority or government and giving it to smaller and more local regions
academics Lernen beginnen		a teacher or scholar in a university or other institute of higher education
left behind Lernen beginnen		abandoned
backdrop Lernen beginnen		a background, setting
dosłownie: scenery hung at back of stage Lernen beginnen		literally: scenery hung at back of stage
coup Lernen beginnen		a sudden illegal, often violent, taking of government power, especially by part of an army
riot Lernen beginnen		an occasion when a large number of people behave in a noisy, violent, and uncontrolled way in public, often as a protest
discontented Lernen beginnen		dissatisfied, unhappy
merely /ˈmɪr.li/ Lernen beginnen		used to emphasize that you mean exactly what you are saying and nothing more
boost Lernen beginnen		increase
counterpart Lernen beginnen		a person or thing that has the same purpose as another one in a different place or organization
catch up Lernen beginnen		get to the same point as someone else
the mainland Lernen beginnen		for Brtis: the rest of Europe
driving force Lernen beginnen		someone or something that has the power to make things happen
referendum Lernen beginnen		a vote in which all the people in a country or an area are asked to give their opinion about or decide an important political or social question
UKIP Lernen beginnen		UK Independence Party: a political party in the UK whose main policy has been that the United Kingdom should leave the European Union
drill down Lernen beginnen		to look for something on a computer or website by moving from general information to more detailed information
propaganda Lernen beginnen		information, ideas, opinions, or images, often only giving one part of an argument, that are broadcast, published, or in some other way spread with the intention of influencing people's opinions
bias Lernen beginnen		the action of supporting or opposing a particular person or thing in an unfair way, because of allowing personal opinions to influence your judgment
prejudice /ˈpredʒ.ə.dɪs/ Lernen beginnen		an unfair and unreasonable opinion or feeling, especially when formed without enough thought or knowledge
robust /roʊˈbʌst/ Lernen beginnen		(of a person or animal) strong and healthy, or (of an object or system) strong and unlikely to break or fail
constitutional Lernen beginnen		allowed by or contained in a constitution
implication Lernen beginnen		an occasion when you seem to suggest something without saying it directly
civil war Lernen beginnen		a war fought by different groups of people living in the same country
demonstration Lernen beginnen		an occasion when a group of people march or stand together to show that they disagree with or support something or someone
protest Lernen beginnen		a strong complaint expressing disagreement, disapproval, or opposition
remain Lernen beginnen		to stay in the same place or in the same condition
Remainer Lernen beginnen		a person who voted for the United Kingdom to remain in the European Union in the 2016 referendum
Home Office Lernen beginnen		the UK government department that deals with matters inside the UK that are not the responsibility of other departments, for example justice and the rules for people from other countries entering the UK
vote Lernen beginnen		a choice that gets counted
election Lernen beginnen		a time when people vote in order to choose someone for a political or official job
dash for cash Lernen beginnen		chase for money?
asylum Lernen beginnen		protection or safety, especially that given by a government to people who have been forced to leave their own countries for their safety or because of war
to come out of retirement Lernen beginnen		to return to work or to one's professional career
candidate Lernen beginnen		a person who is competing to get a job or elected position
to toe the party line Lernen beginnen		to do what someone in authority tells you to do although you may not agree with it
smear campaign Lernen beginnen		a planned attempt to harm the reputation of a person or company by telling lies about them
opinion poll Lernen beginnen		an occasion when people are asked questions to discover what they think about a subject
majority Lernen beginnen		the larger number or part of something
latter Lernen beginnen		the second of two people, things, or groups previously mentioned
manifesto Lernen beginnen		a written statement of the beliefs, aims, and policies of an organization, especially a political party
diplomatic Lernen beginnen		tactful when dealing with people
respectable Lernen beginnen		with a good reputation
courteous Lernen beginnen		polite
radical Lernen beginnen		with extreme or very strong views
opressed Lernen beginnen		being ruled unjustly or cruelly
conventional Lernen beginnen		behaving just like everyone else
rebellious Lernen beginnen		against authority and hard control
privileged Lernen beginnen		having more advantages, opportunities, or rights than most people
notorious Lernen beginnen		having a bad reputation
progressive Lernen beginnen		in favour of new ideas
mayor Lernen beginnen		a person who is elected or chosen to lead the group who governs a town or city
bill Lernen beginnen		a formal statement of a planned new law that is discussed before being voted on
survey Lernen beginnen		an examination of opinions, behaviour, etc., made by asking people questions
council Lernen beginnen		a group of people elected or chosen to make decisions or give advice on a particular subject, to represent a particular group of people, or to run a particular organization
reign Lernen beginnen		the period of time when a king or queen rules a country
authorities Lernen beginnen		a group of people with official responsibility for a particular area of activity
motion Lernen beginnen		the act or process of moving, or a particular action or movement
Members of the Cabinet Lernen beginnen		a small group of the most important people in government, who advise the President or Prime Minister and make important decisions
licensed Lernen beginnen		officially allowed
illegal Lernen beginnen		against the law
compulsory Lernen beginnen		obligatory
barred Lernen beginnen		blocked, banned
abolished Lernen beginnen		to do away with
binding Lernen beginnen		to be obeyed
required Lernen beginnen		necessary
permitted Lernen beginnen		allowed
voluntary Lernen beginnen		willing; unforced
restricted Lernen beginnen		not allowed
president Lernen beginnen		the elected head of state.
minister Lernen beginnen		responsible for a government department
ringleader Lernen beginnen		the leader of a group of people who are doing something harmful or illegal
ambassador Lernen beginnen		an important official who works in a foreign country representing his or her own country there, and who is officially accepted in this position by that country
patriot Lernen beginnen		a person who loves their country and, if necessary, will fight for it
delegate Lernen beginnen		represents others at a meeting or conference
traitor Lernen beginnen		A person who betrays his or her country
sovereign Lernen beginnen		a person who may be the head of state by birth
terrorist Lernen beginnen		someone who uses violent action, or threats of violent action, for political purposes
chairperson Lernen beginnen		a person in charge of a meeting, organization, or department
retains Lernen beginnen		holds on to; keeps
the Houses of Parliament Lernen beginnen		the UK parliament, consisting of the House of Commons and the House of Lords
general public Lernen beginnen		ordinary people, especially all the people who are not members of a particular organization or who do not have any special type of knowledge
electorate Lernen beginnen		all the people who are allowed to vote
chamber Lernen beginnen		a room used for a special or official purpose, or a group of people who form (part of) a parliament
defied (defy) Lernen beginnen		to refuse to obey a person, decision, law, situation, etc.
to backfire Lernen beginnen		have the opposite effect to what was intended
to wield power Lernen beginnen		to have a lot of influence or power over other people
put the record straight Lernen beginnen		to write or say something in order to make the true facts known
sideboard Lernen beginnen		a piece of furniture used to store tablecloths and dishes
silverware Lernen beginnen		tableware made of silver
hard-up Lernen beginnen		not having enough money to pay for necessities, poor
loot Lernen beginnen		money and valuable objects that have been stolen
come up with sth Lernen beginnen		to think of a plan, an idea, or a solution to a problem
collapse Lernen beginnen		to fall down suddenly because of pressure or having no strength or support
casualty Lernen beginnen		a person injured or killed in a serious accident or war
evacuated Lernen beginnen		removed from an area
meet demands Lernen beginnen		to provide for someone's need (spełnić wymagania)
sustain Lernen beginnen		to suffer or experience, especially damage or loss
OR to cause or allow something to continue for a period of time (The judge sustained (= accepted) the lawyer's objection) Lernen beginnen		OR to cause or allow something to continue for a period of time (The judge sustained (= accepted) the lawyer's objection)
uprooted Lernen beginnen		torn up by the roots; removed
collide Lernen beginnen		to crash into
survivors Lernen beginnen		people who have stayed alive
blaze Lernen beginnen		A vivid glowing flame; large, strong fire
rapidly Lernen beginnen		very quickly
tear gas Lernen beginnen		a gas that makes your eyes sting, used especially by the police to control violent crowds
disperse Lernen beginnen		to scatter, spread far and wide
mob Lernen beginnen		a large, angry crowd, especially one that could easily become violent
seal off Lernen beginnen		to prevent people from entering an area or building, often because it is dangerous
juvenile /ˈdʒuː.və.nəl/ Lernen beginnen		relating to a young person who is not yet old enough to be considered an adult
addiction Lernen beginnen		an inability to stop doing or using something, especially something harmful
offender Lernen beginnen		a person who commits a crime
petty crime Lernen beginnen		a type of crime that is not considered serious when compared with some other crimes
beggar Lernen beginnen		a poor person who lives by asking others for money or food
a brush with sth Lernen beginnen		a situation in which you experience something, or almost experience something, especially something unpleasant
transgression Lernen beginnen		the act or process of breaking a law or moral rule
hardened Lernen beginnen		used to describe someone who has had a lot of bad experiences and as a result no longer gets upset or shocked; no longer likely to change a bad way of life or feel sorry about it
counselling Lernen beginnen		the job or process of listening to someone and giving that person advice about their problems
enforce Lernen beginnen		to make people obey a law, or to make a particular situation happen or be accepted
deter Lernen beginnen		to prevent someone from doing something or to make someone less enthusiastic about doing something by making it difficult for that person to do it or by threatening bad results if they do it
custody Lernen beginnen		the legal right or duty to care for someone or something, especially a child after its parents have separated or died
detention Lernen beginnen		a form of punishment in which children are made to stay at school for a short time after classes have ended; the act of officially detaining someone
prison Lernen beginnen		a building where criminals are forced to live as a punishment
Capital punishment Lernen beginnen		death penalty
the death penalty Lernen beginnen		the legal punishment of death for a crime
execution Lernen beginnen		the legal punishment of killing someone
arrest Lernen beginnen		If the police arrest someone, they take them away to ask them about a crime that they might have committed
detection Lernen beginnen		the fact of noticing or discovering something
inquiry /ˈɪŋ.kwɚ.i/ Lernen beginnen		(the process of asking) a question
hairpiece does not fully cover the head Lernen beginnen		Small wig used to cover the top or crown of the head toupee.
headdress Lernen beginnen		a decorative covering for the head
wig Lernen beginnen		a covering of artificial hair worn on the head to hide a loss of hair or to cover your own hair
charged with assault Lernen beginnen		officially accused by a court of deliberately causing harm to another person
the accused Lernen beginnen		a person officially charged with a crime; the person who is on trial in a law court:
presume Lernen beginnen		to believe something to be true because it is very likely, although you are not certain
faultless Lernen beginnen		perfect and without any mistakes
innocent Lernen beginnen		(of a person) not guilty of a particular crime
offence Lernen beginnen		an illegal act; a crime
charge Lernen beginnen		(of the police) to make a formal statement saying that someone is accused of a crime
case Lernen beginnen		a problem, a series of events, or a person being dealt with by police, doctors, lawyers, etc.
racing Lernen beginnen		the action of competing in a race (= a competition to see who can finish first) or running a race with someone
speeding Lernen beginnen		driving faster than is allowed in a particular area
built-up area Lernen beginnen		A built-up area is one where there are a lot of buildings
evidence Lernen beginnen		one or more reasons for believing that something is or is not true
it suggests Lernen beginnen		it suggests
UN Lernen beginnen		UN
proof Lernen beginnen		a fact or piece of information that shows that something exists or is true
it proves Lernen beginnen		it proves
UN zwykle Lernen beginnen		UN usually
jury Lernen beginnen		a group of people who have been chosen to listen to all the facts in a trial in a law court and to decide if a person is guilty or not guilty, or if a claim has been proved
defence Lernen beginnen		protection
verdict Lernen beginnen		an opinion or decision made after judging the facts that are given, especially one made at the end of a trial
come into force Lernen beginnen		(of laws, rules, or systems) existing and being used
on probation Lernen beginnen		a period of time when a criminal must behave well and not commit any more crimes in order to avoid being sent to prison
ban from Lernen beginnen		to forbid someone to do something or forbid an action
(go on a) rampage Lernen beginnen		to go through an area making a lot of noise and causing damage
out of control Lernen beginnen		if something is out of control, it cannot be dealt with successfully:
habit-forming Lernen beginnen		A habit-forming activity or drug makes you want to do or take it repeatedly
be robbed OF Lernen beginnen		to have sth stolen
without due care and attention Lernen beginnen		careless
neglect Lernen beginnen		to not give enough care or attention to people or things that are your responsibility
swindled Lernen beginnen		cheated
riot Lernen beginnen		an occasion when a large number of people behave in a noisy, violent, and uncontrolled way in public, often as a protest
(to be) pardoned Lernen beginnen		officially forgiven and the punishment is stopped
deported Lernen beginnen		forced to leave a country
illegal alien Lernen beginnen		A person who enters a country illegally without the proper authorization and documents, or is an alien who once entered a country legally and has since violated the terms of the status in which he entered a country or has overstayed the time
doesn't have the legal right to stay Lernen beginnen		doesn't have the legal right to stay
(to squat) squatted Lernen beginnen		lived illegally without paying rent
cheated Lernen beginnen		acted dishonestly
abolished Lernen beginnen		brought to an end
swerved Lernen beginnen		turned suddenly to avoid hitting something
burgle Lernen beginnen		to steal
loophole in the law Lernen beginnen		a small mistake in an agreement or law that gives someone the chance to avoid having to do something
mitigating circumstances Lernen beginnen		factors that decrease the severity of a crime
okoliczności łagodzące Lernen beginnen		attenuating circumstances
community service Lernen beginnen		A sentencing alternative that requires offenders to spend at least part of their time working for a community agency
to falsify (evidence) Lernen beginnen		to change sth or add untrue details to it in order to deceive people
witness Lernen beginnen		a person who sees an event happening, especially a crime or an accident
impunity Lernen beginnen		freedom from punishment or harm
bigamy Lernen beginnen		the crime of marrying a person while already legally married to someone else
fine Lernen beginnen		an amount of money that has to be paid as a punishment for not obeying a rule or law
misdemeanour /ˌmɪs.dɪˈmiː.nɚ/ Lernen beginnen		an action that is slightly bad or breaks a rule but is not a crime
prison Lernen beginnen		a building where criminals are forced to live as a punishment
civil law Lernen beginnen		the part of the legal system that relates to personal matters, such as marriage and property, rather than crime
crime Lernen beginnen		illegal activities
forgery Lernen beginnen		an illegal copy of a document, painting, etc. or the crime of making such illegal copies
offence Lernen beginnen		an illegal act; a crime
criminal law Lernen beginnen		the part of the legal system that relates to punishing people who break the law
law Lernen beginnen		a rule, usually made by a government, that is used to order the way in which a society behaves
penalty Lernen beginnen		a punishment, or the usual punishment, for doing something that is against a law
term Lernen beginnen		the fixed period of time that something lasts for
felony Lernen beginnen		(an example of) serious crime that can be punished by one or more years in prison
life imprisonment Lernen beginnen		the punishment of being put in prison for a very long time without an arranged time for release or, in the US, until death
treason Lernen beginnen		(the crime of) showing no loyalty to your country, especially by helping its enemies or trying to defeat its government
thief Lernen beginnen		a person who steals
pickpocket Lernen beginnen		someone who steals things from people's pockets
blackmailer Lernen beginnen		gets money by threatening to disclose personal information
hijacker Lernen beginnen		someone who takes control of an aircraft or other vehicle during a journey by force
shoplifter Lernen beginnen		takes things from a shop without paying
murderer Lernen beginnen		kills people
burglar Lernen beginnen		a person who illegally enters buildings and steals things
robber Lernen beginnen		someone who steals
kidnapper Lernen beginnen		someone who takes a person away illegally by force, usually in order to demand money in exchange for releasing them
spy Lernen beginnen		a person who secretly collects and reports information about the activities of another country or organization
vandal Lernen beginnen		a person who intentionally damages property belonging to other people
bigamist Lernen beginnen		someone who marries a person while already legally married to someone else
commit Lernen beginnen		to do something illegal or something that is considered wrong
bandit Lernen beginnen		a thief with a weapon, especially one belonging to a group that attacks people travelling through the countryside
guerrilla Lernen beginnen		a member of an unofficial military group that is trying to change the government by making sudden, unexpected attacks on the official army forces
observance Lernen beginnen		the act of obeying a law or following a religious custom
disrespect Lernen beginnen		lack of respect
hostage Lernen beginnen		someone who is taken as a prisoner by an enemy in order to force the other people involved to do what the enemy wants
breach Lernen beginnen		an act of breaking a law, promise, agreement, or relationship
currency regulation Lernen beginnen		Government rules governing the flow of national or foreign currencies into or out of a country. (?)
commit suicide Lernen beginnen		a phrase used to mean "to kill yourself", which is now considered offensive because it suggests that doing this is a crime
homicide Lernen beginnen		(an act of) murder
prosecute Lernen beginnen		to officially accuse someone of committing a crime in a law court, or (of a lawyer) to try to prove that a person accused of committing a crime is guilty of that crime
persecute Lernen beginnen		to treat someone unfairly or cruelly over a long period of time because of their race, religion, or political beliefs, or to annoy someone by refusing to leave them alone
liable Lernen beginnen		having (legal) responsibility for something or someone
hooligan Lernen beginnen		a violent person who fights or causes damage in public places
division Lernen beginnen		a separate part of an army or large organization
portion Lernen beginnen		a part or share of something larger
element Lernen beginnen		a part of something
force Lernen beginnen		physical, especially violent, strength, or power
burst Lernen beginnen		to break open or apart suddenly, or to make something do this
blare Lernen beginnen		to make an unpleasantly loud noise
siren Lernen beginnen		a device for making a loud warning noise
gong Lernen beginnen		a round piece of metal that is hung in a frame and hit with a stick to produce a sound as a signal, also used as a musical instrument
bell Lernen beginnen		an electrical device that makes a ringing sound when you press a button or a hollow metal object shaped like a cup that makes a ringing sound when hit by something hard, especially a clapper
alarm Lernen beginnen		a warning of danger, usually a loud noise or flashing light
bereaved Lernen beginnen		having a close relation or friend who has recently died
confiscate Lernen beginnen		to take a possession away from someone when you have the right to do so, usually as a punishment and often for a limited period, after which it is returned to the owner
deprive Lernen beginnen		to take something, especially something necessary or pleasant, away from someone
extort Lernen beginnen		to get something by force or threats, or with difficulty
sober Lernen beginnen		not drunk or affected by alcohol
steady Lernen beginnen		happening in a smooth, gradual, and regular way, not suddenly or unexpectedly; constant
sue Lernen beginnen		to take legal action against a person or organization, especially by making a legal claim for money because of some harm that they have caused you
carry sth out Lernen beginnen		to do or complete something, especially that you have said you would do or that you have been told to do
bring sth about Lernen beginnen		to cause something to happen
conspirator Lernen beginnen		someone who conspires with other people to do something
plot Lernen beginnen		a secret plan made by several people to do something that is wrong, harmful, or not legal, especially to do damage to a person or a government
catastrophe /kəˈtæs.trə.fi/ Lernen beginnen		a sudden event that causes very great trouble or destruction
disaster Lernen beginnen		(an event that results in) great harm, damage, or death, or serious difficulty
demolition /ˌdem.əˈlɪʃ.ən/ Lernen beginnen		the act of destroying something such as a building
overthrow Lernen beginnen		to defeat or remove someone from power, using force
broadcast Lernen beginnen		to send out a programme on television or radio
scatter Lernen beginnen		to (cause to) move far apart in different directions
sow Lernen beginnen		to put seeds in or on the ground so that plants will grow
stray Lernen beginnen		to travel along a route that was not originally intended, or to move outside a limited area
catch sb red-handed Lernen beginnen		to find someone in the act of doing something illegal
true-blue Lernen beginnen		completely loyal to a person or belief
in black and white Lernen beginnen		in writing
camouflage Lernen beginnen		something that is meant to hide something, or behaviour that is intended to hide the truth
counterfeit Lernen beginnen		made to look like the original of something, usually for dishonest or illegal purposes
fake Lernen beginnen		an object that is made to look real or valuable in order to deceive people
fraudulent Lernen beginnen		dishonest and illegal
blackmail Lernen beginnen		the act of getting money from people or forcing them to do something by threatening to tell a secret of theirs or to harm them
bribery Lernen beginnen		an attempt to make someone do something for you by giving the person money, presents, or something else that they want
compensation Lernen beginnen		money that is paid to someone in exchange for something that has been lost or damaged or for some problem
reward Lernen beginnen		an amount of money given to someone who helps the police or who helps to return stolen property to its owner
crew Lernen beginnen		a group of people who work together, especially all those who work on and operate a ship, aircraft, etc.
gang Lernen beginnen		a group of young people, especially young men, who spend time together, often fighting with other groups and behaving badly
staff Lernen beginnen		the group of people who work for an organization
team Lernen beginnen		people working together as a group in order to achieve something
creep Lernen beginnen		to move slowly, quietly, and carefully, usually in order to avoid being noticed
stride Lernen beginnen		to walk with long steps
wander Lernen beginnen		to walk around slowly in a relaxed way or without any clear purpose or direction
arsonist Lernen beginnen		a person who intentionally starts a fire in order to damage or destroy something, especially a building
assassin Lernen beginnen		someone who kills a famous or important person, usually for political reasons or in exchange for money
deserter Lernen beginnen		a person who leaves the armed forces without permission
embezzler Lernen beginnen		someone who secretly takes money that is in their care or that belongs to an organization or business they work for
forger Lernen beginnen		someone who falsifies or makes fake copies
fraud Lernen beginnen		a person who pretends to be what he is not
con man Lernen beginnen		a person who uses tricks to cheat people, esp. to get their money or possessions
mugger Lernen beginnen		a person who attacks people in order to steal their money
poacher Lernen beginnen		someone who catches and kills animals illegally
racketeer Lernen beginnen		someone who makes money from a dishonest or illegal business activity
smuggler Lernen beginnen		someone who takes goods or people into or out of a country illegally
terrorist Lernen beginnen		someone who uses violent action, or threats of violent action, for political purposes
ransack Lernen beginnen		to search a place or container in a violent and careless way
invade Lernen beginnen		to enter a country by force with large numbers of soldiers in order to take possession of it
safe deposit box Lernen beginnen		a strong box in a bank where you can keep money or valuable things
high-pitched Lernen beginnen		A voice that is high-pitched is higher than usual
eject Lernen beginnen		to force someone to leave a particular place
emit Lernen beginnen		to send out a beam, noise, smell, or gas
expel Lernen beginnen		to send out or away
exclude Lernen beginnen		to prevent someone or something from entering a place or taking part in an activity
clench Lernen beginnen		to close or hold something very tightly, often in a determined or angry way
clutch Lernen beginnen		to take or try to take hold of something tightly, usually in fear, worry, or pain
grab Lernen beginnen		to take hold of something or someone suddenly and roughly
grip Lernen beginnen		to hold very tightly
haul Lernen beginnen		a usually large amount of something that has been stolen or is illegal
floorboard Lernen beginnen		one of the long, straight pieces of wood used to make a floor
creak Lernen beginnen		When a door, floorboard, etc. creaks, it makes a long low sound when it moves or is moved
crack Lernen beginnen		to break something so that it does not separate, but very thin lines appear on its surface, or to become broken in this way
crunch Lernen beginnen		to crush hard food loudly between the teeth, or to make a sound as if something is being crushed or broken
groan Lernen beginnen		a deep, long sound showing great pain or unhappiness
flaunt Lernen beginnen		to show or make obvious something you are proud of in order to get admiration
flout /flaʊt/ Lernen beginnen		to intentionally not obey a rule, law, or custom
float /floʊt/ Lernen beginnen		to stay on the surface of a liquid and not sink
intact Lernen beginnen		complete and in the original state
preserve Lernen beginnen		to keep something as it is, especially in order to prevent it from decaying or being damaged or destroyed
maul Lernen beginnen		If an animal mauls someone, it attacks that person and injures them with its teeth or claws (= long sharp nails)
violate Lernen beginnen		to break or act against something, especially a law, agreement, principle, or something that should be treated with respect
hinder Lernen beginnen		to limit the ability of someone to do something, or to limit the development of something
tamper Lernen beginnen		to touch or make changes to something when you should not, especially when this is illegal
snatch Lernen beginnen		to grab quickly
withdraw Lernen beginnen		to take or move out or back, or to remove
suspect Lernen beginnen		a person believed to have committed a crime or done something wrong, or something believed to have caused something bad
account Lernen beginnen		a written or spoken description of an event
declaration Lernen beginnen		an announcement, often one that is written and official
deposition Lernen beginnen		a formal written statement made or used in a law court
statement Lernen beginnen		something that someone says or writes officially, or an action done to express an opinion
unruly Lernen beginnen		badly behaved
collection Lernen beginnen		a lot of things or people
congregation Lernen beginnen		a group of people who have come together in a religious building for worship and prayer
group Lernen beginnen		a number of people or things that are put together or considered as a unit
mob Lernen beginnen		a large, angry crowd, especially one that could easily become violent
discount Lernen beginnen		to decide that something or someone is not worth considering or giving attention
neglect Lernen beginnen		to not give enough care or attention to people or things that are your responsibility
omit Lernen beginnen		to fail to include or do something
overlook Lernen beginnen		to fail to notice or consider something or someone
foul play Lernen beginnen		a criminal act that results in serious damage or injury, especially murder
communication Lernen beginnen		the act of communicating with people
connection Lernen beginnen		the state of being related to someone or something else
join Lernen beginnen		to connect or fasten things together
assailant Lernen beginnen		a person who attacks another person
immovable Lernen beginnen		fixed and impossible to move
lifeless Lernen beginnen		showing little energy or interest
motionless Lernen beginnen		without moving
static Lernen beginnen		staying in one place without moving, or not changing for a long time
bewilder Lernen beginnen		to confuse someone
confuse Lernen beginnen		to mix up someone's mind or ideas, or to make something difficult to understand
merge Lernen beginnen		to combine or join together, or to cause things to do this
puzzled Lernen beginnen		confused because you do not understand something
battened Lernen beginnen		strengthen or fasten (something) with battens (= a long piece of wood)
cordoned Lernen beginnen		prevent access to or from (an area or building) by surrounding it with police or other guards.
fasten Lernen beginnen		to (cause something to) become firmly fixed together, or in position, or closed
shuttered Lernen beginnen		closed permanently
snare Lernen beginnen		a device for catching small animals and birds, usually with a rope or wire that tightens around the animal
trap Lernen beginnen		a device or hole for catching animals or people and preventing their escape
certify Lernen beginnen		to say in a formal or official way, usually in writing, that something is true or correct
identify Lernen beginnen		to recognize someone or something and say or prove who or what that person or thing is
justify Lernen beginnen		to give or to be a good reason for
verify Lernen beginnen		to prove that something exists or is true, or to make certain that something is correct
deductive Lernen beginnen		reaching an answer or a decision by thinking carefully about the known facts
disturbing Lernen beginnen		making you feel worried or upset
suggestive Lernen beginnen		causing you to think about something
suspicious Lernen beginnen		making you feel that something illegal is happening or that something is wrong; feeling doubt or a lack of trust
attentive Lernen beginnen		listening carefully
thorough /ˈθɝː.oʊ/ Lernen beginnen		detailed and careful
thoughtful Lernen beginnen		carefully considering things; kind and always thinking about how you can help other people
enquiring Lernen beginnen		To ask for information
investigate Lernen beginnen		to examine a crime, problem, statement, etc. carefully, especially to discover the truth
seek Lernen beginnen		to try to find or get something, especially something that is not a physical object
anonymity Lernen beginnen		the situation in which someone's name is not given or known
identification Lernen beginnen		the act of recognizing and naming someone or something
identity Lernen beginnen		who a person is, or the qualities of a person or group that make them different from others
personality Lernen beginnen		the type of person you are, shown by the way you behave, feel, and think
combing Lernen beginnen		searching a place or an area very carefully in order to find something
motive Lernen beginnen		a reason for doing something
principle Lernen beginnen		a basic idea or rule that explains or controls how something happens or works
confine Lernen beginnen		to limit an activity, person, or problem in some way
possession Lernen beginnen		the fact that you have or own something
ownership Lernen beginnen		the state or fact of owning something
raid Lernen beginnen		a short sudden attack, usually by a small group of people
invasion Lernen beginnen		the act of entering a place by force, often in large numbers
storm Lernen beginnen		to attack a place or building by entering suddenly in great numbers
constable Lernen beginnen		police officer
confinement Lernen beginnen		the situation in which a person or animal is kept somewhere, usually by force
custody Lernen beginnen		the legal right or duty to care for someone or something, especially a child after its parents have separated or died
detection Lernen beginnen		the fact of noticing or discovering something
guardianship Lernen beginnen		the state or duty of being a guardian
compel Lernen beginnen		to force someone to do something
enforce Lernen beginnen		to make people obey a law, or to make a particular situation happen or be accepted
press Lernen beginnen		to try hard to persuade someone to do something
press charges Lernen beginnen		to complain officially about someone in a law court
observer Lernen beginnen		a person who watches what happens but has no active part in it
onlooker Lernen beginnen		someone who watches something that is happening in a public place but is not involved in it
spectator Lernen beginnen		a person who watches an activity, especially a sports event, without taking part
witnesses Lernen beginnen		a person who sees an event happening, especially a crime or an accident
examination Lernen beginnen		the act of looking at or considering something carefully in order to discover something
concentrate Lernen beginnen		focus
exhausting Lernen beginnen		extremely tired
intense Lernen beginnen		extreme and forceful or (of a feeling) very strong
stand clear Lernen beginnen		to move a short distance away from something so that you are safe
stand out Lernen beginnen		to be very noticeable
measures Lernen beginnen		to judge the quality, effect, importance, or value of something
affective Lernen beginnen		connected with the emotions
effective Lernen beginnen		successful or achieving the results that you want
efficient Lernen beginnen		working or operating quickly and effectively in an organized way
ineffective Lernen beginnen		not producing the effects or results that are wanted
accused Lernen beginnen		a person or people who may be guilty of a crime and who are being judged in a court of law
arrest Lernen beginnen		If the police arrest someone, they take them away to ask them about a crime that they might have committed
charged Lernen beginnen		to make a formal statement saying that someone is accused of a crime
convicted Lernen beginnen		having officially been found guilty of a crime in a law court
interrogated Lernen beginnen		to ask someone a lot of questions for a long time in order to get information, sometimes using threats or violence
parole Lernen beginnen		permission for a prisoner to be released before their period in prison is finished, with the agreement that they will behave well
suspected Lernen beginnen		believed to be guilty of a crime
try Lernen beginnen		to examine a person accused of committing a crime in a law court by asking them questions and considering known facts, and then decide if they are guilty
barrister Lernen beginnen		a type of lawyer in the UK, Australia, and some other countries who can give specialized legal advice and can argue a case in both higher and lower courts
counsel Lernen beginnen		a lawyer or group of lawyers whose job is to speak for someone in a court of law
judge Lernen beginnen		a person who is in charge of a trial in a court and decides how a person who is guilty of a crime should be punished, or who makes decisions on legal matters
solicitor Lernen beginnen		a type of lawyer in Britain and Australia who is trained to prepare cases and give advice on legal subjects and can represent people in lower courts
dispute Lernen beginnen		an argument or disagreement, especially an official one between, for example, workers and employers or two countries with a common border
settled Lernen beginnen		stable
arbitration Lernen beginnen		the process of solving an argument between people by helping them to agree to an acceptable solution
court Lernen beginnen		a place where trials and other legal cases happen
election Lernen beginnen		the process of voting to choose a winner
referee Lernen beginnen		a person or organization that helps to find a fair answer to a disagreement
bear Lernen beginnen		to hold or support something
possess Lernen beginnen		to have
reflect Lernen beginnen		to show, express, or be a sign of something
accuse Lernen beginnen		to say that someone has done something morally wrong, illegal, or unkind
ensure Lernen beginnen		to make something certain to happen
prove Lernen beginnen		to show that something is true
autopsy Lernen beginnen		the cutting open and examination of a dead body in order to discover the cause of death
inquiry Lernen beginnen		(the process of asking) a question
interrogation Lernen beginnen		a process of asking someone a lot of questions for a long time in order to get information, sometimes using threats or violence
covered Lernen beginnen		protected
erased Lernen beginnen		removed
hidden Lernen beginnen		not easy to find
disturbance Lernen beginnen		violence or trouble
demonstration Lernen beginnen		an occasion when a group of people march or stand together to show that they disagree with or support something or someone
notice Lernen beginnen		to bring someone to the attention of the public; information or a warning given about something that is going to happen in the future
summary Lernen beginnen		a short, clear description that gives the main facts or ideas about something; done suddenly, without discussion or a legal process
deny Lernen beginnen		to say that something is not true; to not allow someone to have or do something
refuse Lernen beginnen		to say that you will not do or accept something
resist Lernen beginnen		to fight against something or someone that is attacking you
testify Lernen beginnen		give evidence as a witness in a law court.
on behalf Lernen beginnen		in the interest of
passersby Lernen beginnen		someone who is going past a particular place
deed Lernen beginnen		an intentional act, especially a very bad or very good one
innocent Lernen beginnen		(of a person) not guilty of a particular crime
lovely Lernen beginnen		pleasant or enjoyable
natural Lernen beginnen		(of a person or their behaviour) seeming normal and relaxed
pure Lernen beginnen		behaving in a way that is morally good
discard Lernen beginnen		to throw something away or get rid of it because you no longer want or need it
dismiss Lernen beginnen		to decide that something or someone is not important and not worth considering
resigned Lernen beginnen		accepting that something you do not like will happen because you cannot change it:
come into force Lernen beginnen		to come into effect
crucial Lernen beginnen		extremely important or necessary
forcible Lernen beginnen		involving the use of physical power or violence
supreme Lernen beginnen		having the highest rank, level, or importance
valuable Lernen beginnen		very helpful or important; worth a lot of money
blame Lernen beginnen		to say or think that a person or thing is responsible for something bad that has happened
cause Lernen beginnen		the reason why something, especially something bad, happens
evil Lernen beginnen		morally bad, cruel, or very unpleasant; wicked
fault Lernen beginnen		a mistake, especially something for which you are to blame
barred Lernen beginnen		blocked
deported Lernen beginnen		forced to leave a country
exported Lernen beginnen		Sent to another country for trade
intern Lernen beginnen		to put someone in prison for political or military reasons, especially during a war
extradition Lernen beginnen		the act of making someone return for trial to another country or state where they have been accused of doing something illegal
proceedings Lernen beginnen		a series of events that happen in a planned and controlled way; legal action
trace Lernen beginnen		a sign that something has happened or existed
oppress Lernen beginnen		to govern people in an unfair and cruel way and prevent them from having opportunities and freedom
repress Lernen beginnen		to hold back
suppress Lernen beginnen		to end something by force
cross-examination Lernen beginnen		the act of cross-examining (= asking detailed questions of) someone, especially a witness in a trial
content Lernen beginnen		pleased with your situation and not hoping for change or improvement
glad Lernen beginnen		happy
satisfied Lernen beginnen		pleased because you have got what you wanted, or because something has happened in the way that you wanted
condemned Lernen beginnen		A condemned person is someone who is going to be killed, especially as a punishment for having committed a very serious crime, such as murder
convinced Lernen beginnen		certain of your beliefs
penalize Lernen beginnen		to cause someone a disadvantage; to punish
outclass Lernen beginnen		to be much better than someone or something
outnumber Lernen beginnen		to be greater in number than someone or something
overcome Lernen beginnen		to defeat or succeed in controlling or dealing with something
supersede Lernen beginnen		to replace something, especially something older or more old-fashioned
the Inns of Court Lernen beginnen		the four societies in London for students of law, one of which a barrister (= lawyer who argues cases in a law court) must belong to
prospective Lernen beginnen		(adj) potential, in the future
willing Lernen beginnen		agreeable and ready to do something
wishful Lernen beginnen		having to do with wishes and not reality
case Lernen beginnen		a matter to be decided by a judge in a law court
lawsuit Lernen beginnen		a problem taken to a law court by an ordinary person or an organization rather than the police in order to obtain a legal decision
trial Lernen beginnen		the hearing of statements and showing of objects, etc. in a law court to judge if a person is guilty of a crime or to decide a case or a legal matter
contradict Lernen beginnen		to speak against; to say the opposite
decline Lernen beginnen		decrease
take the words out of sb's mouth Lernen beginnen		to say something that another person was just about to say or was thinking
affirm Lernen beginnen		to state something as true
alleged Lernen beginnen		said or thought by some people to be the stated bad or illegal thing, although you have no proof
announce Lernen beginnen		to make something known or tell people about something officially
justice Lernen beginnen		fairness in the way people are dealt with
punishment Lernen beginnen		the act of punishing someone; rough treatment
pass sentence Lernen beginnen		to say officially, as a judge, what a criminal's official punishment will be
verdict Lernen beginnen		an opinion or decision made after judging the facts that are given, especially one made at the end of a trial
be in trouble Lernen beginnen		a situation in which you experience problems, usually because of something you have done wrong or badly
strict Lernen beginnen		strongly limiting someone's freedom to behave as they wish, or likely to severely punish someone if they do not obey
combine Lernen beginnen		to (cause to) exist together, or join together to make a single thing or group
invent a story Lernen beginnen		to make up a story
adjust Lernen beginnen		to change something slightly, especially to make it more correct, effective, or suitable
coincide Lernen beginnen		to be the same or similar
reconcile Lernen beginnen		to find a way in which two situations or beliefs that are opposed to each other can agree and exist together
bear sb/sth out Lernen beginnen		to support the truth of something
defendant Lernen beginnen		a person in a law case who is accused of having done something illegal
obstacle Lernen beginnen		something that blocks you so that movement, going forward, or action is prevented or made more difficult
regulation Lernen beginnen		an official rule or the act of controlling something
restriction Lernen beginnen		an official limit on something
veto Lernen beginnen		an official power or right to refuse to accept or allow something
under arrest Lernen beginnen		to be put in prison
accusation Lernen beginnen		a statement saying that someone has done something morally wrong, illegal, or unkind, or the fact of accusing someone
basis Lernen beginnen		the most important facts, ideas, etc. from which something is developed
foothold Lernen beginnen		a strong first position from which further progress can be made
framework Lernen beginnen		a system of rules, ideas, or beliefs that is used to plan or decide something
legal training Lernen beginnen		education of individuals in the principles, practices, and theory of law (?) (aplikacja prawnicza)
convincingly Lernen beginnen		in a way that is convincing (= making you believe that something is true or right)
capital punishment Lernen beginnen		death penalty
corporal punishment Lernen beginnen		physical punishment
eviction Lernen beginnen		the act of forcing someone to leave somewhere, especially their home
heavy fine Lernen beginnen		a large sum of money to pay
internment Lernen beginnen		the act of putting someone in prison for political or military reasons, especially during a war
penal servitude Lernen beginnen		being made to do specially hard work while in prison
prison sentence Lernen beginnen		time that is spent in prison
probation Lernen beginnen		a period of time when a criminal must behave well and not commit any more crimes in order to avoid being sent to prison
solitary confinement Lernen beginnen		a punishment in which someone is kept in a room alone, usually in a prison
suspended sentence Lernen beginnen		a punishment imposed only if you commit a further crime
austere Lernen beginnen		very simple, with only the things that are absolutely necessary, especially because of severe limits on money or goods
severe Lernen beginnen		causing very great pain, difficulty, worry, damage, etc.' very serious
vigorous Lernen beginnen		done with power, force or energy
appeal Lernen beginnen		a request made to a court of law or to someone in authority to change a previous decision
fined Lernen beginnen		punished by making someone pay money for breaking a rule
ordered Lernen beginnen		carefully arranged or controlled
penalized Lernen beginnen		to punish someone for breaking a rule
ringleader Lernen beginnen		the leader of a group of people who are doing something harmful or illegal
get off with Lernen beginnen		avoid punishment
associate Lernen beginnen		to connect someone or something in your mind with someone or something else
assume Lernen beginnen		to accept something to be true without question or proof
assimilate Lernen beginnen		to become part of a group
lenient Lernen beginnen		not strict; generous
plead Lernen beginnen		to make an urgent, emotional statement or request for something; to beg
bid Lernen beginnen		to offer a particular amount of money for something that is for sale and compete against other people to buy it, especially at a public sale of goods or property
absolve Lernen beginnen		(especially in religion or law) to free someone from guilt, blame, or responsibility for something
acquit Lernen beginnen		to decide officially in a law court that someone is not guilty of a particular crime
pardoned Lernen beginnen		forgiven
hardened Lernen beginnen		no longer likely to change a bad way of life or feel sorry about it
remorse Lernen beginnen		a feeling of sadness and being sorry for something you have done
penance Lernen beginnen		an act that shows that you feel sorry about something that you have done, sometimes for religious reasons
pity Lernen beginnen		a feeling of sadness or sympathy for someone else's unhappiness or difficult situation
reproach Lernen beginnen		to criticize someone, especially for not being successful or not doing what is expected
a scrap of Lernen beginnen		a small piece of something
legislature Lernen beginnen		A group of people who have the power to make laws
panel Lernen beginnen		a small group of people chosen to give advice, make a decision, or publicly discuss their opinions
juror Lernen beginnen		a member of a jury
guilty Lernen beginnen		responsible for breaking a law or doing something wrong
legal dispute Lernen beginnen		an argument or disagreement between two or more parties to be resolved by the legal system
testimony Lernen beginnen		(an example of) spoken or written statements that something is true, especially those given in a law court
laymen Lernen beginnen		someone who is not trained in or does not have a detailed knowledge of a particular subject
courtroom Lernen beginnen		a room in which trials or other legal cases are held
counsel by jury Lernen beginnen		a jury decides the facts
jury Lernen beginnen		a group of people who have been chosen to listen to all the facts in a trial in a law court and to decide if a person is guilty or not guilty, or if a claim has been proved
jury commissioner Lernen beginnen		The court officer responsible for choosing the panel of persons to serve as potential jurors for a particular court term.
selected by lot Lernen beginnen		method of randomly choosing people
applicable Lernen beginnen		affecting or relating to a person or thing
beyond a reasonable doubt Lernen beginnen		The standard of proof used in criminal cases.
impose Lernen beginnen		to introduce a new law, tax, rule, or punishment
self-confessed Lernen beginnen		admitting to having a characteristic that is considered to be bad or not acceptable
self-centered Lernen beginnen		only interested in yourself and your own activities
self-conscious Lernen beginnen		nervous or uncomfortable because you are worried about what people think about you or your actions
self-contained Lernen beginnen		not needing or depending on other people
attack Lernen beginnen		to try to hurt or defeat using violence
onslaught /ˈɑːn.slɑːt/ Lernen beginnen		a very powerful attack
outcry Lernen beginnen		a strong expression of anger and disapproval about something, made by a group of people or by the public
recrimination Lernen beginnen		arguments between people who are blaming each other
keep to the straight and narrow Lernen beginnen		to live an honest, decent life and not doing immoral or illegal things
resort Lernen beginnen		the fact that you have to do something because there is no other way of achieving something
recourse Lernen beginnen		using something or someone as a way of getting help, especially in a difficult or dangerous situation
resource Lernen beginnen		a useful or valuable possession or quality of a country, organization, or person
retort Lernen beginnen		to answer someone quickly in an angry or funny way
humane Lernen beginnen		showing kindness, care, and sympathy towards others, especially those who are suffering
juvenile /ˈdʒuː.və.nəl/ Lernen beginnen		relating to a young person who is not yet old enough to be considered an adult
delinquent Lernen beginnen		a person, usually young, who behaves in a way that is illegal or not acceptable to most people
sinner Lernen beginnen		a person who has broken a religious or moral law
villain Lernen beginnen		a bad person who harms other people or breaks the law
inoffensive Lernen beginnen		not causing any harm or offence
offensive Lernen beginnen		causing offence
unoffending Lernen beginnen		Causing no harm
unsuspicious Lernen beginnen		trusting
squatter Lernen beginnen		a person who lives in an empty building without permission
discharge Lernen beginnen		to allow someone officially to leave somewhere, especially a hospital or a law court
ejection Lernen beginnen		to force someone to leave a particular place
expulsion Lernen beginnen		(the act of) forcing someone, or being forced, to leave a school, organization, or country
confess Lernen beginnen		to admit that you have done something wrong or something that you feel guilty or bad about
corroborated Lernen beginnen		to add proof to an account, statement, idea, etc. with new information
cite Lernen beginnen		to mention something as proof for a theory or as a reason why something has happened
nominate Lernen beginnen		to officially suggest someone for an election, job, position, or honour
quote Lernen beginnen		to repeat the words that someone else has said or written
fabrication Lernen beginnen		the act of inventing false information in order to deceive someone, or the false information itself
fantasy Lernen beginnen		a pleasant situation that you enjoy thinking about but is unlikely to happen, or the activity of imagining things like this
a figment of somebody's imagination Lernen beginnen		something that seems real but is not
figure Lernen beginnen		to expect or think that something will happen
imagination Lernen beginnen		something that you think exists or is true, although in fact it is not real or true
abandon Lernen beginnen		to leave a place, thing, or person for ever
lift Lernen beginnen		to end a rule or law
relinquish Lernen beginnen		to give up something such as a responsibility or claim
surrender Lernen beginnen		to stop fighting and admit defeat
ward of the court Lernen beginnen		a person, esp a minor or one legally incapable of managing his or her own affairs, placed under the control or protection of a guardian or of a court
progeny Lernen beginnen		the young or offspring of a person, animal, or plant
protege /ˈprɑː.t̬ə.ʒeɪ/ Lernen beginnen		a young person who is helped and taught by an older and usually famous person
unambiguous /ˌʌn.æmˈbɪɡ.ju.əs/ Lernen beginnen		expressed in a way that makes it completely clear what is meant
unanimous /juːˈnæn.ə.məs/ Lernen beginnen		If a group of people are unanimous, they all agree about one particular matter or vote the same way, and if a decision or judgment is unanimous, it is formed or supported by everyone in a group
undivided Lernen beginnen		existing as a whole, not in separate parts
united Lernen beginnen		joined together as a group
in the light of Lernen beginnen		because of
assessment Lernen beginnen		the act of judging or deciding the amount, value, quality, or importance of something, or the judgment or decision that is made
conclusion Lernen beginnen		the final part of something
interpretation Lernen beginnen		an explanation or opinion of what something means
misappropriation Lernen beginnen		the act of stealing something that you have been trusted to take care of and using it for yourself
mislay / misplace Lernen beginnen		to lose something temporarily by forgetting where you have put it
mistake Lernen beginnen		a bad or wrong decision; error
trivial Lernen beginnen		unimportant
foolish Lernen beginnen		unwise, stupid, or not showing good judgment
critical Lernen beginnen		saying that someone or something is bad or wrong
momentous Lernen beginnen		very important because of effects on future events
significant Lernen beginnen		important or noticeable
indication Lernen beginnen		a sign that something exists, is true, or is likely to happen
frown Lernen beginnen		look of anger
foggy Lernen beginnen		misty, you can't see very well in this weather
pursuer Lernen beginnen		someone who is chasing you
moist Lernen beginnen		damp or slightly wet
messy Lernen beginnen		untidy or dirty
mild Lernen beginnen		not very cold or not as cold as usual
avert Lernen beginnen		to prevent
minimize Lernen beginnen		to reduce something to the least possible level or amount
indecisive Lernen beginnen		not good at making decisions
readily Lernen beginnen		easily
abruptly Lernen beginnen		in a sudden, unexpected, and sometimes unpleasant way
subtly Lernen beginnen		in a way that is small and difficult to notice or describe, but important
compelled Lernen beginnen		forced
beseech Lernen beginnen		to ask for something in a way that shows you need it very much
insinuate Lernen beginnen		to suggest indirectly
flatly Lernen beginnen		without emotion
disgraced Lernen beginnen		ashamed, embarrassed, mortified
phony Lernen beginnen		not sincere or not real
tempted Lernen beginnen		to want something or to want to do something
flee Lernen beginnen		to run away
abide by Lernen beginnen		to accept or obey an agreement, decision, or rule
victimless crime Lernen beginnen		In a victimless crime no one suffers directly, sometimes because the people affected by the crime have agreed to take part in it
miscarriages of justice Lernen beginnen		a situation in which someone is punished by the law courts for a crime that they have not committed
paid their debt to society Lernen beginnen		to be punished for committing a crime
riot Lernen beginnen		an occasion when a large number of people behave in a noisy, violent, and uncontrolled way in public, often as a protest
rally Lernen beginnen		a public meeting of a large group of people, especially supporters of a particular opinion
impeachment Lernen beginnen		the act of making a formal statement that a public official might be guilty of a serious offence in connection with his or her job, especially in the US
prior Lernen beginnen		before a particular time or event
exhort Lernen beginnen		to strongly encourage or try to persuade someone to do something
to march Lernen beginnen		an event in which a large number of people walk through a public place to express their support for something, or their disagreement with or disapproval of something
Congress Lernen beginnen		the elected group of politicians in the US who are responsible for making the law, consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives
to certify Lernen beginnen		to say in a formal or official way, usually in writing, that something is true or correct
democrat Lernen beginnen		a person who believes in democracy
republican Lernen beginnen		a person who supports or believes in representative government
Senate Lernen beginnen		the group of politicians who have the most power to make laws in a government
trial Lernen beginnen		the hearing of statements and showing of objects, etc. in a law court to judge if a person is guilty of a crime or to decide a case or a legal matter
win by a landslide Lernen beginnen		the winning of an election with an extremely large number of votes
incitement Lernen beginnen		the act of encouraging someone to do or feel something unpleasant or violent
the charge sheet Lernen beginnen		an official document on which a police officer records the details of the crime a person is accused of
lower chamber Lernen beginnen		one of the two parts that some parliaments are divided into, usually the one with more political power
preceding Lernen beginnen		existing or happening before someone or something
the Joint Session Lernen beginnen		When the House and Senate adopt a concurrent resolution to meet together to conduct formal business or to hear an address by the president of the United States
statement Lernen beginnen		something that someone says or writes officially, or an action done to express an opinion
claim Lernen beginnen		to say that something is true or is a fact, although you cannot prove it and other people might not believe it
widespread Lernen beginnen		existing or happening in many places and/or among many people
federal official Lernen beginnen		An individual who is employed by or represents any department or agency of the US Government
commence Lernen beginnen		to begin something
the Ellipse Lernen beginnen		President's Park South
reiterate Lernen beginnen		to say something again, once or several times
echoing Lernen beginnen		repeating
declare Lernen beginnen		to announce something clearly, firmly, publicly, or officially
pace Lernen beginnen		the speed at which someone or something moves, or with which something happens or changes
concede Lernen beginnen		to admit, often unwillingly, that something is true
illegitimate Lernen beginnen		not legal or fair
fight like hell Lernen beginnen		To use all of one's power or effort to fight against something
wilfully Lernen beginnen		in a way that is wilful (= intentional, or determined to do as you want)
foreseeable Lernen beginnen		A foreseeable event or situation is one that can be known about or guessed before it happens.
the Capitol Lernen beginnen		the building in which the US Congress meets
combat Lernen beginnen		a fight, especially during a war
senator Lernen beginnen		a politician who has been elected to a Senate
congressman Lernen beginnen		a man who belongs to a congress, especially a member of the US House of Representatives
the First Amendment Lernen beginnen		guarantees freedoms concerning religion, expression, assembly, and the right to petition.
infer Lernen beginnen		to form an opinion or guess that something is true because of the information that you have
imminent Lernen beginnen		coming or likely to happen very soon
rip things up Lernen beginnen		to tear something into small pieces
the Supreme Court Lernen beginnen		the most important law court in the US
counsel Lernen beginnen		to give advice, especially on social or personal problems
prevail Lernen beginnen		to get control or influence
remedy Lernen beginnen		a successful way of curing an illness or dealing with a problem or difficulty
convicted Lernen beginnen		having officially been found guilty of a crime in a law court
agonisingly Lernen beginnen		in a way that causes extreme physical or mental pain
entitled Lernen beginnen		feeling that you have the right to do or have what you want without having to work for it or deserve it, just because of who you are
dismissal Lernen beginnen		an act by a judge of formally stopping a trial in a court of law
leeway Lernen beginnen		freedom to act within particular limits
play out Lernen beginnen		When a situation plays out, it happens and develops
inauguration Lernen beginnen		the act of officially putting someone into an important position, or the ceremony at which this is done
conspiracy theory Lernen beginnen		a belief that an event or situation is the result of a secret plan made by powerful people
confound Lernen beginnen		to confuse and very much surprise someone, so that they are unable to explain or deal with a situation
deep state Lernen beginnen		organizations such as military, police, or political groups that are said to work secretly in order to protect particular interests and to rule a country without being elected
day of reckoning Lernen beginnen		a time when the effect of a past mistake is experienced or when a crime is punished
prominent Lernen beginnen		very well known and important
elite /iˈliːt/ Lernen beginnen		the richest, most powerful, best-educated, or best-trained group in a society
oath Lernen beginnen		a promise, especially that you will tell the truth in a law court
seep Lernen beginnen		to move or spread slowly out of a hole or through something
fracturing Lernen beginnen		dividing an organization or society
right-wing Lernen beginnen		the political right
irreparably Lernen beginnen		in a way that is impossible to repair or make right again
extremist /ɪkˈstriː.mɪst/ Lernen beginnen		someone who has beliefs that most people think are unreasonable and unacceptable
Neo-Nazi Lernen beginnen		a member of an organization similar to the German Nazi Party.
capitalise Lernen beginnen		to get as much out of a situation as possible; take advantage of
seek sb/sth out Lernen beginnen		to look for someone or something, especially for a long time until you find him, her, or it
convert Lernen beginnen		to (cause something or someone to) change in form or character
distraught Lernen beginnen		extremely worried, nervous, or upset
sweep Lernen beginnen		to move, especially quickly and powerfull, influence an area
keep faith Lernen beginnen		to continue to support something or someone, or to do what you promised to do in a particular thing
reassure Lernen beginnen		to comfort someone and stop them from worrying
evil deeds Lernen beginnen		an intentional, very bad act
double down Lernen beginnen		increase effors or focus
inmate Lernen beginnen		a person who is kept in a prison or a hospital for people who are mentally ill
compound Lernen beginnen		an area surrounded by fences or walls that contains a group of buildings
8chan and 8kun Lernen beginnen		message boards filled with extreme language and views, violence and extreme sexual content on which Q posts
purveyor /pɚˈveɪ.ɚ/ Lernen beginnen		a person or business that provides goods or services
chunk Lernen beginnen		a part of something, especially a large part
steadfast Lernen beginnen		staying the same for a long time and not changing quickly or unexpectedly
dupe Lernen beginnen		to deceive someone, usually by making that person do something that they did not intend to do
cabal kəˈbɑːl/ Lernen beginnen		a small group of people who plan secretly to take action, especially political action
outlet Lernen beginnen		a way in which emotion or energy can be expressed or made use of
conspiratorial Lernen beginnen		relating to a secret plan to do something bad, illegal, or against someone's wishes
mindset Lernen beginnen		a person's way of thinking and their opinions
constitutional Lernen beginnen		allowed by or contained in a constitution
constitutionality Lernen beginnen		the quality of being allowed by or contained in a constitution
impending Lernen beginnen		used to refer to an event, usually something unpleasant or unwanted, that is going to happen soon
the House Lernen beginnen		the members of the organization that makes laws
circuit court Lernen beginnen		a court that tries cases in different places within the area under its authority
the Constitution Lernen beginnen		the set of political principles by which a state or organization is governed, especially in relation to the rights of the people it governs
the incumbent president Lernen beginnen		current president
bogus Lernen beginnen		false, not real, or not legal
legal expert Lernen beginnen		a professional in questions to do with the law
former president Lernen beginnen		previous president
Under the Constitution Lernen beginnen		accordingly to the Constitution
treason Lernen beginnen		(the crime of) showing no loyalty to your country, especially by helping its enemies or trying to defeat its government
bribery Lernen beginnen		an attempt to make someone do something for you by giving the person money, presents, or something else that they want
misdemeanor Lernen beginnen		a crime considered to be one of the less serious types of crime
precedent Lernen beginnen		an action, situation, or decision that has already happened and can be used as a reason why a similar action or decision should be performed or made
scholar Lernen beginnen		a learned person
op-ed /ˌɑːpˈed/ Lernen beginnen		used to describe a piece of writing that expresses a personal opinion and is usually printed in a newspaper opposite the page on which the editorial is printed
respectively Lernen beginnen		in a way that relates or belongs to each of the separate people or things you have just mentioned
subsequently Lernen beginnen		after something else
disqualify Lernen beginnen		to officially stop someone from being in a competition or doing something because they are not suitable or they have done something wrong
tribe Lernen beginnen		a group of people, often of related families, who live together, sharing the same language, culture, and history, especially those who do not live in towns or cities
have a bearing on sth Lernen beginnen		to have an influence on something or a relationship to something
barred Lernen beginnen		blocked
the primary evidence Lernen beginnen		The best evidence that the circumstances admit; original or firsthand evidence that affords the greatest certainty of the matter in question
the gavel Lernen beginnen		a small hammer that an official in charge of a meeting hits against a wooden block or table to get people to be quiet and listen
litigation /ˌlɪt̬.əˈɡeɪ.ʃən/ Lernen beginnen		the process of taking a case to a court of law so that a judgment can be made
jurisdiction Lernen beginnen		the authority of a court or official organization to make decisions and judgments
acquit Lernen beginnen		to decide officially in a law court that someone is not guilty of a particular crime
abrupt Lernen beginnen		sudden and unexpected, and often unpleasant
landing card Lernen beginnen		form with your personal details and date of arrival
customs declaration form Lernen beginnen		form showing how much money and what goods are you carrying
vaccination certificate Lernen beginnen		paper proving you have had the necessary health injections
entry restrictions Lernen beginnen		rules about who can enter a country and for how long
spot check / random check Lernen beginnen		checks done without warning
sniffer dogs Lernen beginnen		specially trained dogs who can smell drugs and bombs
clear customs Lernen beginnen		take your bags through customs
port of entry Lernen beginnen		the port or airport where you first enter a country
political asylum Lernen beginnen		permission to stay in another country to avoid political persecution back home
economic migrants Lernen beginnen		people who try to enter from poorer countries just to get work
traffic offence Lernen beginnen		breaking the rules of the road and driving
fixed penalty Lernen beginnen		fixed sum payable for a particular offence
on-the-spot fine Lernen beginnen		fine payable at the time and place that you commit the offence
parking ticket Lernen beginnen		paper placed on driver's windscreen fining them for illegal parking
breathalyser Lernen beginnen		an instrument which you blow into that shows if you have consumed alcohol recently
make a statement Lernen beginnen		say what happened and sign a copy of it
stop-and-search power Lernen beginnen		power to stop people and search them in the street
surveillance cameras Lernen beginnen		cameras that record everything that happens
surveillance /sɚˈveɪ.ləns/ Lernen beginnen		the careful watching of a person or place, especially by the police or army, because of a crime that has happened or is expected
search warrant Lernen beginnen		official permission from a judge or magistrate to search your house
magistrate Lernen beginnen		a person who acts as a judge in a law court that deals with crimes that are less serious
security forces Lernen beginnen		often a name for the army and police together enforcing the law
plain clothes/undercover police Lernen beginnen		police who don't wear uniform
paramilitary police Lernen beginnen		police who are more like soldiers than civilian police officers
drug squad Lernen beginnen		police specially trained to fight the illegal drug trade
anti-corruption squad Lernen beginnen		police specially trained to discover and fight bribery
spot check Lernen beginnen		to check or inspect something in an irregular way
lorries (lorry) Lernen beginnen		a truck; a large road vehicle that is used for transporting goods
drink-driving Lernen beginnen		driving after you have drunk some alcohol
to tap sb's phone Lernen beginnen		to listen to sb's phone calls without them knowing about it
power to stop and search Lernen beginnen		power to stop people and search them in the street
(to carry out) surveillance operation Lernen beginnen		the art of monitoring a target or subject's activities through observation and close watch
(to set up) a roadblock Lernen beginnen		a temporary structure put across a road to stop traffic
photofit picture Lernen beginnen		computer-generated picture that represents as closely as possible a person's memory of a criminal's face, made by putting together photographs of eyes, nose, hair, etc. from a set showing different types of features
windscreen Lernen beginnen		windshield (US)
a witness TO sth Lernen beginnen		świadek
stowaway Lernen beginnen		a person who hides aboard a ship or plane in the hope of getting free passage
a person who is being trafficed through a border Lernen beginnen		a person who is being trafficed through a border
plant sth (drugs) on someone Lernen beginnen		To place and conceal something in or among someone's possessions or clothing without their knowledge or permission.
the death penalty Lernen beginnen		the legal punishment of death for a crime
humane Lernen beginnen		showing kindness, care, and sympathy towards others, especially those who are suffering
to botch sth Lernen beginnen		to spoil something by doing it badly
prolonged Lernen beginnen		continuing for a long time
condemn sb to (do) sth Lernen beginnen		to say what the punishment of someone who has committed a serious crime will be
lethal injection Lernen beginnen		an injection of a drug that kills someone, especially as a punishment for committing a crime
disturbing Lernen beginnen		making you feel worried or upset
to struggle to do sth Lernen beginnen		to experience difficulty and make a very great effort in order to do something
death chamber / execution chamber Lernen beginnen		a room or chamber in which capital punishment is carried out
to liken sth to sth Lernen beginnen		to say that someone is similar to or has the same qualities as someone else
to snore Lernen beginnen		to breathe in a very noisy way while you are sleeping
experimental Lernen beginnen		relating to tests, especially scientific ones
using or based on new ideas Lernen beginnen		using or based on new ideas
to file an appeal Lernen beginnen		to officially record a request made to a court of law or to someone in authority to change a previous decision
to file Lernen beginnen		to officially record something, especially in a law court
appeal Lernen beginnen		a request made to a court of law or to someone in authority to change a previous decision
emergency appeal Lernen beginnen		emergency appeal
an attorney (US) Lernen beginnen		a lawyer
an inmate Lernen beginnen		a person who is kept in a prison or a hospital for people who are mentally ill
a stay (of execution) Lernen beginnen		an order by a court to temporarily stop an action or an earlier court decision being carried out
to writhe Lernen beginnen		to make large twisting movements with the body
a gurney Lernen beginnen		a light bed on wheels, used to move patients in a hospital
to scramble to do sth Lernen beginnen		to hurry or try very hard to get sth, often competing with other people
to put a stop to sth Lernen beginnen		to stop an unpleasant, unwanted activity or habit from continuing
to pass away Lernen beginnen		to die
excruciating Lernen beginnen		extremely painful
a pool of blood Lernen beginnen		a small area of blood
a deterrent /dɪˈter.ənt/ Lernen beginnen		something that deters people from doing something
to languish Lernen beginnen		to exist in an unpleasant or unwanted situation, often for a long time
stooped to someone's level Lernen beginnen		to behave as badly as someone who has treated one wrongly
sentence Lernen beginnen		a punishment given by a judge in court to a person or organization after they have been found guilty of doing something wrong
stooped Lernen beginnen		with the the top half of the body bent forward and down
heinous Lernen beginnen		very bad and shocking
abolish Lernen beginnen		to end an activity or custom officially
to tap someone's phone Lernen beginnen		to tap means to listen to phone calls without the people involved knowing
on death row Lernen beginnen		in prison and waiting to be killed as a punishment for a crime
to retract a confession Lernen beginnen		to take back a confession or to admit that a statement was false
(to be) on the fence Lernen beginnen		not able to decide something
hanging Lernen beginnen		the act of killing someone, especially as a punishment for a serious crime, by dropping that person with a rope tied around their neck
firing squad Lernen beginnen		Group of soldiers set to kill a prisoner as a punishment
stoning Lernen beginnen		to kill someone as a punishment by throwing stones at them
to be crucified Lernen beginnen		to be killed by tying or fastening with nails to a cross and left there to die
decapitation Lernen beginnen		beheading
burn at the stake Lernen beginnen		to be tied to a wooden pole and burnt to death as a punishment
coctail Lernen beginnen		a mixture of different things, often an unexpected, dangerous, or exciting one
A misscarriage of justice Lernen beginnen		a situation in which someone is punished by the law courts for a crime that they have not committed
fitting penalty Lernen beginnen		appropriate, proper, suitable punishment
covering letter Lernen beginnen		a letter that you send with something, to explain what you are sending or to give extra information
career path Lernen beginnen		the way that you progress in your work, either in one job or in a series of jobs
promotion prospects Lernen beginnen		chances of getting a promotion
claim form Lernen beginnen		an official document that you use to request an amount of money from an organization, when you think you are owed it
reimburse Lernen beginnen		to pay back money to someone who has spent it for you or lost it because of you
travel expenses Lernen beginnen		money that your employer pays you because you are spending that amount on travel that is necessary for your work
working conditions Lernen beginnen		the environment of the workplace
job description Lernen beginnen		a list of the responsibilities that you have and the duties that you are expected to perform in your work
favourable Lernen beginnen		showing that you like or approve of someone or something; positive
trial period Lernen beginnen		a period of time during which someone or something is tested
sick pay Lernen beginnen		money given by an employer to someone who cannot work because of illness
pension scheme Lernen beginnen		a system for saving money for your retirement
graduate Lernen beginnen		a person who has a first degree from a university or college
extra time Lernen beginnen		a period of time in a sports game in which play continues if neither team has won in the usual time allowed for the game
supplementary Lernen beginnen		additional
overtime Lernen beginnen		(time spent working) after the usual time needed or expected in a job
double time Lernen beginnen		twice the usual rate of pay for a job
sheer Lernen beginnen		used to emphasize how very great, important, or powerful a quality or feeling is; nothing except
labour Lernen beginnen		practical work, especially when it involves hard physical effort
industry Lernen beginnen		the companies and activities involved in the process of producing goods for sale, especially in a factory or special area
forefront Lernen beginnen		the most noticeable or important position
main Lernen beginnen		larger, more important, or having more influence than others of the same type
principal Lernen beginnen		first in order of importance
leading Lernen beginnen		very important or most important
odds Lernen beginnen		the probability that a particular thing will or will not happen
opportunity Lernen beginnen		a chance to do something
likelihood Lernen beginnen		the chance that something will happen
vocation Lernen beginnen		a type of work that you feel you are suited to doing and to which you should give all your time and energy, or the feeling that a type of work suits you in this way
vacancy Lernen beginnen		a job that no one is doing and is therefore available for someone new to do
employment Lernen beginnen		the fact of someone being paid to work for a company or organization
steady Lernen beginnen		constant
takeover Lernen beginnen		a situation in which a company gets control of another company by buying enough of its shares
resignation Lernen beginnen		the act of telling your employer that you are leaving your job
notification Lernen beginnen		the act of telling someone officially about something, or a document, etc. that does this
retirement Lernen beginnen		the act of leaving your job and stopping working, usually because you are old
dismissal Lernen beginnen		the situation in which an employer officially makes someone leave their job
productivity Lernen beginnen		the rate at which a company or country makes goods
substantial Lernen beginnen		large in size, value, or importance
investment Lernen beginnen		the action or process of investing money for profit or material result.
qualification Lernen beginnen		an official record showing that you have finished a training course or have the necessary skills
expertise Lernen beginnen		a high level of knowledge or skill
industrial action Lernen beginnen		an occasion when workers do something that is intended to force an employer to agree to something, especially by stopping work
dispute Lernen beginnen		an argument or disagreement, especially an official one between, for example, workers and employers
representative Lernen beginnen		someone who speaks or does something officially for another person or group of people
economize Lernen beginnen		to try to save money by reducing the amount that you are spending
streamlined Lernen beginnen		improved or made simpler
clarified Lernen beginnen		made clear
executive Lernen beginnen		someone in a high position, especially in business, who makes decisions and puts them into action
foreman Lernen beginnen		a skilled person with experience who is in charge of and watches over a group of workers
manufacturer Lernen beginnen		a company that produces goods in large numbers
trainee Lernen beginnen		a person who is learning and practising the skills of a particular job
agent Lernen beginnen		a person who acts for or represents another
industrialist Lernen beginnen		an owner or an employee in a high position in industry
labourer Lernen beginnen		a person who does unskilled physical work, especially outside
dealer Lernen beginnen		a person who trades in something
headhunt Lernen beginnen		to persuade someone to leave their job by offering that person another job with more pay and a higher position
tether Lernen beginnen		a rope or chain used to tie, especially an animal, to a post or other fixed place, usually so that it can move freely within a small area
the sack Lernen beginnen		a situation in which someone is removed from their job
grindstone Lernen beginnen		a large, round stone that is turned by a machine and is used to make tools sharper or sharp edges smooth
golden handshake Lernen beginnen		a usually large payment made to people when they leave their job
on the go Lernen beginnen		very busy
overlook Lernen beginnen		to fail to notice or consider something or someone
keep someone on their toes Lernen beginnen		to cause or force someone to be alert and ready for anything that might happen
complacent /kəmˈpleɪ.sənt/ Lernen beginnen		feeling so satisfied with your own abilities or situation that you feel you do not need to try any harder
right up your street/alley Lernen beginnen		to be the type of thing that you are interested in or that you enjoy doing
glass ceiling Lernen beginnen		a point after which you cannot go any further, usually in improving your position at work
living wage Lernen beginnen		money you earn from your job that is enough to pay for the things you need to live, such as food and a home
minimum wage Lernen beginnen		the smallest amount of money that employers are legally allowed to pay someone who works for them
whistleblower Lernen beginnen		a person who tells someone in authority about something illegal that is happening, especially in a government department or a company
cope with Lernen beginnen		to deal successfully with a difficult situation or job
vanishing Lernen beginnen		beginning to disappear
cease to exist Lernen beginnen		stop existing forever, to stop happening or continuing
economical Lernen beginnen		not costing or spending much money
economics Lernen beginnen		the study of the way that goods and services are produced and sold and the way money is managed
(unc.) Lernen beginnen		(unc.)
economic Lernen beginnen		relating to the economy of a particular country or region
economy Lernen beginnen		the system by which a country's trade, industry, and money are organized (countable)
familiar Lernen beginnen		well known to you, or easily recognized by you
replaced by Lernen beginnen		to take the place of something that was there before
linked Lernen beginnen		if people, things, or events are linked, they are related to each other in some way
key in sth Lernen beginnen		to enter information into a computer or other device using a keyboard or buttons:
dig deep Lernen beginnen		to manage to find a lot of money for something
handprint Lernen beginnen		a mark left by someone's hand
instance Lernen beginnen		a particular situation, event, or fact, especially an example of something that happens generally
attached Lernen beginnen		joined or fixed to something
pocket money Lernen beginnen		money that parents regularly give to their children
capacity Lernen beginnen		the amount of something that can be put in a container, or the number of people that a place has room for
capability Lernen beginnen		the ability to do something
sheer Lernen beginnen		used for emphasizing the amount or degree of something
complete Lernen beginnen		used for emphasizing that someone or something has a particular quality
He's a complete idiot! Lernen beginnen		He's a complete idiot!
spending power Lernen beginnen		the degree to which people have money to buy products and services
downright Lernen beginnen		completely or extremely: used for emphasizing how bad someone or something is
She was downright rude! Lernen beginnen		She was downright rude!
rattling Lernen beginnen		a sound similar to a series of quickly repeated knocks
haggle Lernen beginnen		to argue in order to agree on the price of something
have a nest-egg Lernen beginnen		to have some savings
expenditure Lernen beginnen		An amount of money spent.
to be in debt Lernen beginnen		to owe money to someone
thrifty Lernen beginnen		careful about how you spend money so that you do not waste any
to be paid on commission Lernen beginnen		an extra amount of money that you earn in your job every time you sell a product or get a new customer
We lend money Lernen beginnen		We let people borrow from us
wage Lernen beginnen		an amount of money that you earn for working, usually according to how many hours or days you work each week or month
salary Lernen beginnen		a fixed amount of money that you earn each month or year from your job
current account Lernen beginnen		a bank account that you can take money out of whenever you want using a cheque or a cash card. The American word is checking account.
household bills Lernen beginnen		bills such as gas or water
savings account Lernen beginnen		a bank account that earns interest
(earn) interest Lernen beginnen		money that you receive from an institution such as a bank when you keep money in an account there
rate Lernen beginnen		an amount of money that is paid or charged
down payment Lernen beginnen		a first payment that you make when you are buying something and are going to pay the rest later
(monthly) instalments Lernen beginnen		one of several payments that an amount is divided into, so that you do not have to pay the whole amount at one time
stock market Lernen beginnen		the activities connected with buying and selling shares in companies
= stock exchange Lernen beginnen		= stock exchange
business venture Lernen beginnen		a new business or business activity, especially one that involves risk
fall through Lernen beginnen		fail to happen
raise capital Lernen beginnen		get money to put into a business
tax return Lernen beginnen		form used to file income taxes
(a form that some people must fill in to give information about how much they have earned in a year) Lernen beginnen		(a form that some people must fill in to give information about how much they have earned in a year)
self-employed Lernen beginnen		working for yourself
grant Lernen beginnen		an amount of money that the government or an organization gives you for a specific purpose and does not ask you to pay back. (Money that you have to pay back is called a loan)
scholarship Lernen beginnen		COUNTABLE an amount of money that an organization gives to someone so that they can study at a particular school or university
subsidy Lernen beginnen		an amount of money that the government or another organization pays to help to reduce the cost of a product or service
fetch Lernen beginnen		to be sold for a particular amount of money, especially at an auction
take out Lernen beginnen		to get something officially, especially from an insurance company, bank, or law court
withdraw Lernen beginnen		to take money from a bank account
receipts Lernen beginnen		the total amount of money that a business or organization receives in a particular period of time
takings Lernen beginnen		all the money that a business gets from selling things
prosperous Lernen beginnen		rich and successful
fortunate Lernen beginnen		lucky
wealthy Lernen beginnen		very rich
costly Lernen beginnen		expensive, especially too expensive
priceless Lernen beginnen		too valuable to be measured by price
valueless Lernen beginnen		without worth
worthless Lernen beginnen		without value; not worth anything
settle Lernen beginnen		to pay all the money that you owe to a particular person or company
fall in value Lernen beginnen		depreciate
come into a fortune Lernen beginnen		to get some money unexpectedly, usually by inheritance
invest Lernen beginnen		to use your money with the aim of making a profit from it, for example by buying property or buying shares in a company
made redundant Lernen beginnen		to lose your job because the company has no longer work available for you
qualified for early retirement Lernen beginnen		...
booming business Lernen beginnen		experiencing a period of economic success, with a lot of trade and business activity
to be declared bankrupt Lernen beginnen		bankrupt has officially admitted that they have no money and cannot pay what they owe
account Lernen beginnen		an arrangement in which a bank looks after your money. You can deposit (=put in) or withdraw (=take out) money when you need to
acordingly Lernen beginnen		in a way that is suitable or right for the situation
make a wise investment Lernen beginnen		to invest your money in a good way
competitive (loan) Lernen beginnen		offering goods or services at cheaper prices than other companies
mortgage /ˈmɔː(r)ɡɪdʒ/ Lernen beginnen		a legal agreement in which you borrow money from a bank in order to buy a house. You pay back your ... by making monthly payments
on the market Lernen beginnen		available for sale
(maintain account) in credit Lernen beginnen		to have more money in an account than the amount that you have taken out
financial advice Lernen beginnen		Information, advice, and assistance with a wide range of financial topics.
free of charge Lernen beginnen		without payment
stocks Lernen beginnen		money that people invest in the government, producing a fixed rate of interest
share Lernen beginnen		one of the equal parts of a company that you can buy as a way of investing money
currency Lernen beginnen		the system of money used in a particular country
enterprise Lernen beginnen		an organization, especially a business, or a difficult and important plan, especially one that will earn money
free enterprise Lernen beginnen		an economic system in which private businesses compete with each other to sell goods and services in order to make a profit, and in which government control is limited to protecting the public and running the economy
firmly Lernen beginnen		used for saying that an idea, feeling etc is fixed and unlikely to change
asking price Lernen beginnen		the price that someone wants for something they are selling
pension fund Lernen beginnen		money that employees of a company pay regularly to be invested to provide them with a pension when they are older
insurance claim Lernen beginnen		formal request to the insurance company for reimbursement for a loss or accident
sales figures Lernen beginnen		a report of the income a company generates through sales of products or services
raise a loan Lernen beginnen		to take OUT a loan
credit rating Lernen beginnen		financial information about someone that a bank or shop uses for deciding whether to lend them money or to give them credit
take over Lernen beginnen		to take control of something
independent financial adviser Lernen beginnen		a person who gives advice about and sells investments, insurance and other financial products but who does not work for a bank or insurance company
concerning Lernen beginnen		about a particular subject
inconvenience Lernen beginnen		an annoying problem or situation, especially one that forces you to make an extra effort to do something
endeavour /ɪnˈdevə(r)/ Lernen beginnen		an effort to do something, especially something new or difficult
time slot Lernen beginnen		a time when something can happen or is planned to happen, especially when it is one of several possible times
invoice Lernen beginnen		a document giving details of goods or services that someone has bought and must pay for
delayed Lernen beginnen		later than is planned or expected
dispatch Lernen beginnen		to send someone or something somewhere
maintain Lernen beginnen		to make something stay the same
goodwill gesture Lernen beginnen		a feeling of wanting to be friendly and helpful to someone
deducting Lernen beginnen		to take an amount or number from a total
cheque Lernen beginnen		a piece of printed paper that you can use instead of money to pay for things.
enclosed Lernen beginnen		sent in an envelope with a letter
appreciate Lernen beginnen		to be grateful for something
acknowledgement Lernen beginnen		a letter telling you that someone has received something you sent them
freepost Lernen beginnen		a system in the UK by which businesses pay the charges for letters that their customers send to them
consult sb about sth Lernen beginnen		...
volatile explosive Lernen beginnen		highly unstable unpredictable
subsidy Lernen beginnen		an amount of money that the government or another organization pays to help to reduce the cost of a product or service
allowance Lernen beginnen		an amount of money that someone receives regularly, in order to pay for the things they need
fine Lernen beginnen		an amount of money that you have to pay because you have broken the law
grant Lernen beginnen		an amount of money that the government or an organization gives you for a specific purpose and does not ask you to pay back.
pension Lernen beginnen		money that someone regularly receives after they have stopped working because of their age, paid either by their company or by the government
exceed Lernen beginnen		to go or be beyond the limit or expectations
target Lernen beginnen		aim, goal
bonus Lernen beginnen		extra money that you are paid in addition to your usual salary
donation Lernen beginnen		money or goods that you give to an organization, especially one that helps people
gratuity Lernen beginnen		a small amount of money that you give to someone to thank them for doing something for you
premium Lernen beginnen		an amount of money that you pay regularly for an insurance policy
income tax Lernen beginnen		tax on earnings
annual income Lernen beginnen		The total amount of income an individual earns in a year from working, interest income, dividends, gifts, and so forth.
expenditure Lernen beginnen		money spent by a government, organization, or person
expense /ɪkˈspens/ Lernen beginnen		an amount of money that you spend in order to buy or do something
price Lernen beginnen		The amount of money exchanged for a good or service
penalty Lernen beginnen		a punishment for breaking a rule or law
ransom Lernen beginnen		the amount of money that someone wants to be paid before they will let a person who they are keeping prisoner go free
reward Lernen beginnen		prize
aid Lernen beginnen		money, food, or other help that an organization or government gives to a country or area where people need it, for example because of a war or flood
loan Lernen beginnen		an amount of money that a person, business, or country borrows, especially from a bank
supplement Lernen beginnen		to add extra money to the amount that you normally earn
implement Lernen beginnen		to make something such as an idea, plan, system, or law start to work and be used
commission Lernen beginnen		an amount of money that you earn in your job every time you sell a product or get a new customer
provision Lernen beginnen		the act of providing something that someone needs
fee Lernen beginnen		money that you pay to a professional person or institution for their work
income Lernen beginnen		money that someone gets from working or from investing money
bear to Lernen beginnen		tolerate
give in Lernen beginnen		to stop competing or arguing and accept that you cannot win
let out Lernen beginnen		to allow a person or animal to leave a place
part with Lernen beginnen		to give something to someone although you would prefer to keep it
pay off Lernen beginnen		if something that you do pays off, it brings you some benefit
bulk Lernen beginnen		something that is very large, wide, and solid
gross /ɡrəʊs/ Lernen beginnen		a gross amount of money is the total amount before taxes or costs have been taken out
mass Lernen beginnen		a large quantity or number
wholesale /ˈhoʊl.seɪl/ Lernen beginnen		relating to the business of selling large quantities of goods, especially to people who are going to sell them in a shop / hutrownia
net income Lernen beginnen		income that is left after tax has been paid)
alter Lernen beginnen		to change or modify
to cash Lernen beginnen		to exchange a cheque for its value in notes and coins
a postal order (UK), a money order(US) Lernen beginnen		an official piece of paper with an amount of money written on it that you can send or give to someone who can then exchange it for the same amount of money at a post office
penniless Lernen beginnen		without money; poor
well deserved Lernen beginnen		that someone completely deserves to have because of the way they have behaved or the qualities they have
well off Lernen beginnen		rich, wealthy
spare sth for Lernen beginnen		available to be shared, or given to someone, because it is additional to what you need for yourself
provide Lernen beginnen		to give someone something that they want or need
exemption Lernen beginnen		permission to ignore something such as a rule, obligation, or payment
concern Lernen beginnen		to worry
impose Lernen beginnen		to introduce something such as a new law or new system, and force people to accept it
regard Lernen beginnen		to think of someone or something in a particular way
benefit Lernen beginnen		advantage
winning Lernen beginnen		used about things that make someone attractive or successful
permit Lernen beginnen		an official document that gives you permission to do something
estimates Lernen beginnen		an amount that you guess or calculate using the information available
receipts Lernen beginnen		a document that you get from someone showing that you have given them money or goods
salary Lernen beginnen		A fixed amount of money paid to an employee, usually worker of the higher rank
wage Lernen beginnen		An amount of money paid to an employee at a specific rate per hour worked.
alimony Lernen beginnen		payments made regularly to an ex-spouse after divorce
upkeep Lernen beginnen		maintenance
duty Lernen beginnen		import tax
interest Lernen beginnen		money that a person or institution such as a bank charges you for lending you money
fare Lernen beginnen		the money that you pay for a journey
to deposit Lernen beginnen		to put money into an account
government bonds Lernen beginnen		a document given to someone who invests money in a government or company, promising to pay back the money with interest
saving account Lernen beginnen		a bank account that earns interest
beads Lernen beginnen		little round jewelery for necklaces and bracelets
cattle Lernen beginnen		cows and bulls kept by farmers for their milk or meat.
exchange rate Lernen beginnen		the value of the money of one country when you change it into the money of another country
a deposit Lernen beginnen		a first payment that you make when you agree to buy something expensive such as a car or house. The rest of the money that you pay later is called the balance
dividend Lernen beginnen		a share of the profits of a company, paid once or twice a year to the people who own the company's shares
legacy Lernen beginnen		an amount of money or property left to someone in a will
overdraft Lernen beginnen		an agreement with your bank that allows you to spend money when you have no money left in your account
royalties Lernen beginnen		a payment that someone such as a writer or musician gets each time their work is sold or performed
shareholder Lernen beginnen		an owner of shares in a company
going rate Lernen beginnen		the usual amount of money that people are paying for something
tax relief Lernen beginnen		The payment of less tax
assistance Lernen beginnen		help or support
clasp Lernen beginnen		to hold someone or something tightly with your hand
grasp Lernen beginnen		hold firmly
seize Lernen beginnen		to gain control in a situation
tackle Lernen beginnen		to make an organized and determined attempt to deal with a problem, often a social problem such as crime or unemployment
inheritance Lernen beginnen		property or money that you receive from someone when they die
dowry Lernen beginnen		money and property that, in some cultures, a woman's family gives to her husband when they get married
heirloom /ˈer.luːm/ Lernen beginnen		a valuable or special possession that has belonged to a family for many years
heritage Lernen beginnen		legacy or tradition
assets Lernen beginnen		something such as money or property that a person or company owns
abundance Lernen beginnen		a very large quantity of something
overflow Lernen beginnen		an extra amount of people or things that do not fit into a particular space
surplus /ˈsɝː.pləs/ Lernen beginnen		more of something than is necessary
contribution Lernen beginnen		a regular payment that you make when you are working that helps to pay for your pension or for benefits for people who are unemployed or ill
tribute Lernen beginnen		to say or do something that shows you respect and admire someone a lot
subscription Lernen beginnen		an agreement to pay an amount of money so that you will receive something such as a magazine or a service.
unscrupulous Lernen beginnen		having or showing no moral principles; not honest or fair
fall prey to Lernen beginnen		become a victim of
sacrifice Lernen beginnen		something given up for the sake of another
scapegoat Lernen beginnen		someone who is blamed for something that is not their fault, especially because someone else wants to avoid being blamed
windfall Lernen beginnen		an amount of money that you get when you are not expecting it, especially a large amount
striking Lernen beginnen		attracting your interest or attention because of some unusual feature
stringent Lernen beginnen		stringent rules or conditions are strict and make you achieve high standards
substantial Lernen beginnen		of considerable importance, size, or worth
palpable Lernen beginnen		obvious or very easily noticed
tangible Lernen beginnen		important and noticeable; something that is tangible is something that you can touch
split the difference Lernen beginnen		to do, give, or take an amount of something that is between two other amounts, often as a way of reaching an agreement
mint Lernen beginnen		to make a coin from metal
mould Lernen beginnen		to give something a particular shape or form
dole queue Lernen beginnen		the number of people who do not have a job and who are receiving money from the government
liable for Lernen beginnen		legally responsible for
hurl Lernen beginnen		to throw something using a lot of force
lob Lernen beginnen		to throw something so that it goes high into the air
toss Lernen beginnen		to throw something somewhere gently or in a slightly careless way
wide of the mark Lernen beginnen		incorrect
broad Lernen beginnen		very wide
distant Lernen beginnen		far away
Western World Lernen beginnen		Any part of the world to the west of one's own region; applied specifically to the Americas and the Caribbean, or to Europe, as opposed to the Middle East and Orient.
deviation Lernen beginnen		the action of doing something that is different from the usual or common way of behaving
differentiation Lernen beginnen		the act of showing or finding difference between things that are compared
distance Lernen beginnen		the amount of space between two places
per annum Lernen beginnen		by the year; annually
annex Lernen beginnen		1. to take possession of an area of land or a country and add it to a larger area, usually by force
2. an addition to a building, or another building, used with an existing building Lernen beginnen		2. an addition to a building, or another building, used with an existing building
3. an addition to a document or report Lernen beginnen		3. an addition to a document or report
increment Lernen beginnen		one of a series of increases
prize Lernen beginnen		something valuable, such as an amount of money, that is given to someone who succeeds in a competition or game or that is given to someone as a reward for doing very good work
subsidise Lernen beginnen		to pay part of the cost of something
contribute Lernen beginnen		to give something, especially money, in order to provide or achieve something together with other people
endow Lernen beginnen		to give a large amount of money to pay for creating a college, hospital, etc. or to provide an income for it
deduction Lernen beginnen		the process of reaching a decision or answer by thinking about the known facts, or the decision that is reached
discount Lernen beginnen		a reduction in the usual price
rebate Lernen beginnen		an amount of money that is returned to you, especially by the government, for example when you have paid too much tax
share price Lernen beginnen		the price of a particular company's shares
the Stock Exchange Lernen beginnen		a place where shares in companies are bought and sold, or the organization of people whose job is to do this buying or selling
plunge Lernen beginnen		to (cause someone or something to) move or fall suddenly and often a long way forward, down, or into something
recover Lernen beginnen		to become successful or normal again after being damaged or having problems
regain Lernen beginnen		to reach or return to a place, especially after difficulty or danger
restore Lernen beginnen		to return something or someone to an earlier good condition or position
retrieve Lernen beginnen		to find and bring back something
bankrupt Lernen beginnen		unable to pay what you owe, and having had control of your financial matters given, by a law court, to a person who sells your property to pay your debts; having no money
charge Lernen beginnen		to ask an amount of money for something, especially a service or activity
liability Lernen beginnen		debts
promise Lernen beginnen		to tell someone that you will certainly do something
capital Lernen beginnen		money and possessions, especially a large amount of money used for producing more wealth or for starting a new business
bound up Lernen beginnen		closely connected or involved
knotted Lernen beginnen		joined by having been tied together in a knot, or containing a knot or knots
lock up Lernen beginnen		an agreement or period of time during which someone cannot get back the money they have invested
tie up something Lernen beginnen		to limit someone's or something's movement or use
tax refund Lernen beginnen		money you recieve when you overpaid your taxes
creditor Lernen beginnen		a person or company that is owed money by another person or company
child support (BrE) child maintenance (AmE) Lernen beginnen		money that you pay to your ex-wife or ex-husband to help your children after you are divorced
to be overdrown Lernen beginnen		if you are overdrawn, or if your bank account is overdrawn, you owe your bank money that you have spent when there was no money in your account
to hoard money Lernen beginnen		to have a large amount
tax evasion Lernen beginnen		the use of illegal methods to pay less tax or to pay no tax at all
subsidiary Lernen beginnen		a company that is owned by a larger company
demographic timebomb Lernen beginnen		a predicted shortage of school-leavers and consequently of available workers, caused by an earlier drop in the birth rate, resulting in an older workforce
egalitarian Lernen beginnen		supporting a social system in which everyone has equal status and the same money and opportunities
to draw money out Lernen beginnen		to take your money form your bank account
obtain Lernen beginnen		to get
deficit Lernen beginnen		A deficiency or lack of something
deterioration Lernen beginnen		the process of becoming worse than before
devaluation Lernen beginnen		an official reduction in the value of a country's money
specimen signature Lernen beginnen		a copy of your name written by yourself that a bank or other organization keeps so that they can be sure that your name on a cheque or other document was also written by you:
cater Lernen beginnen		to provide food and drinks at an event
subtract Lernen beginnen		to take away a small part of something
branch Lernen beginnen		part of organisation
quarter Lernen beginnen		a part of a town where you find particular buildings, activities, or people
the Chinese quarter of the city Lernen beginnen		the Chinese quarter of the city
assure Lernen beginnen		to tell someone that something will definitely happen or is definitely true, especially in order to remove doubt about it
ensure Lernen beginnen		to make something certain to happen
insure Lernen beginnen		to protect yourself against risk by regularly paying a special company that will provide a fixed amount of money if you are killed or injured or if your home or possessions are damaged, destroyed, or stolen
extract Lernen beginnen		to remove a substance from another substance
encased Lernen beginnen		to cover or enclose something completely:
The medal was encased in clear plastic. Lernen beginnen		The medal was encased in clear plastic.
a form of identification Lernen beginnen		a document that can prove your identity
safekeeping Lernen beginnen		the act of protecting something
lender/creditor Lernen beginnen		an organization or person that lends money.
borrower/debtor [ˈdetə(r)] Lernen beginnen		person who borrows money or uses credit
sliding scale Lernen beginnen		a system of making payments or paying taxes where the amount that you pay changes according to a fixed set of rates
gauge Lernen beginnen		to make a judgment or guess about a situation, action, or person based on the information that you have
I failed to gaug Lernen beginnen		I failed to gaug
enquiries Lernen beginnen		a question intended to get information about someone or something
arouse Lernen beginnen		to cause an emotion or attitude
elicit Lernen beginnen		to make someone react in the way that you want
extort Lernen beginnen		to illegally get money or information from someone by using force or threats
financial backing Lernen beginnen		support in the form of money
cash flow Lernen beginnen		the difference between cash coming in and cash going out of a business
cashing up Lernen beginnen		to count and check all the money that a shop has received in a day
petty cash Lernen beginnen		a small amount of money in coins or notes that a business or organization keeps available to pay for small things
overdue Lernen beginnen		a payment that is overdue should have been paid before now
indebted Lernen beginnen		owing money
unbalanced Lernen beginnen		mentally ill
counterfeit Lernen beginnen		illegal copies made in order to trick people
mimic Lernen beginnen		o copy someone's voice, behaviour, or appearance, especially in order to make people laugh or to make someone feel annoyed or embarrassed
mock Lernen beginnen		not real but intended to look or seem real
takes your fancy Lernen beginnen		you like it, or you want to have or do it
to beat sb up Lernen beginnen		to hurt someone badly by hitting or kicking them repeatedly
to toil Lernen beginnen		to work hard (especially physically)
a beam Lernen beginnen		a long, thick piece of wood, metal, or concrete, especially used to support weight in a building or other structure
to put your life on the line Lernen beginnen		To put oneself in harm's way to achieve something, especially at the risk of losing one's life. (Sometimes used hyperbolically.)
to catch fire Lernen beginnen		to start burning
cut Lernen beginnen		throat- competing in a strong and unfair way, without considering any harm caused to others (np. business)
at the sharp end Lernen beginnen		the part of an activity, such as a job, where the most problems are likely to be found
a slut Lernen beginnen		a woman who has sexual relationships with a lot of men without any emotional involvement or UK: a woman who is usually untidy and lazy
to meet a deadline Lernen beginnen		to finish work on time, by the agreed date.
to churn sth out Lernen beginnen		to produce large amounts of something quickly, usually something of low quality- substandard; of inferior quality
the high street Lernen beginnen		a street where the most important shops and businesses in a town are
a death trap Lernen beginnen		something that is very dangerous and could cause death
to give way to sth Lernen beginnen		to be replaced by something, especially because it is better, cheaper, easier, etc
torchlight Lernen beginnen		light given by torches
to regain consciousness Lernen beginnen		to become conscious again: to wake up
a pillar Lernen beginnen		a strong column made of stone, metal, or wood that supports part of a building
an official Lernen beginnen		a person who has a position of responsibility in an organization
to assure sb Lernen beginnen		to tell someone confidently that something is true, especially so that they do not worry
to be riddled with sth Lernen beginnen		to be fulled of; If a plan or system, etc. is riddled with bad features, such as mistakes, it is full of them
a garment Lernen beginnen		a piece of clothing
a succession of Lernen beginnen		a number of similar events or people that happen, exist, etc. after each other
in succession Lernen beginnen		happening one after another
to cast a shadow over Lernen beginnen		to spoil a good situation with something unpleasant
to clean up one's act Lernen beginnen		to change the way you behave, so that you stop doing bad or dishonest things
in the space of + time period Lernen beginnen		before the end of (a stated time): in (a stated time) or less
apparel Lernen beginnen		clothes, esp. of a special type; np: women's
by no means Lernen beginnen		not in any way
to back sth Lernen beginnen		to give support to someone or something
to crumble Lernen beginnen		to break, or cause something to break, into small piece
notoriously Lernen beginnen		/noʊˈtɔːr.i.əs.li/ in a way that is famous for something bad
to stand up for one's rights Lernen beginnen		to defend one's rights; to defend or support a particular idea or a person who is being criticized or attacked
to conceal sth Lernen beginnen		to prevent something from being seen or known about
put up with Lernen beginnen		to accept or continue to accept an unpleasant situation or experience, or someone who behaves unpleasantly
culpable Lernen beginnen		deserving to be blamed or considered responsible for something bad
infringed Lernen beginnen		broken (about human rights)
ad lib Lernen beginnen		said without any preparation or practice
swap Lernen beginnen		to give something and be given something else instead
flexible Lernen beginnen		can work in different ways, at different times, or in different places when it is necessary
dependable Lernen beginnen		you can have confidence in him, her, or it
hardworking Lernen beginnen		always putting a lot of effort and care into your work
creative Lernen beginnen		producing or using original and unusual ideas
resourceful Lernen beginnen		skilled at solving problems and making decisions on your own
methodical (also systematic?) Lernen beginnen		do things in a very ordered, careful way
proactive Lernen beginnen		(taking action by causing change and not only reacting to change when it happens)
ambitious Lernen beginnen		having a strong desire for success, achievement, power, or wealth)
motivated Lernen beginnen		very enthusiastic or determined because you really want to do something
results-oriented (also goal-oriented?) Lernen beginnen		works hard to achieve good results in the tasks that they have been given
organised Lernen beginnen		People who plan things well and don't waste time
disciplined Lernen beginnen		behaving in a very controlled way
tenacious Lernen beginnen		unwilling to accept defeat or stop doing or having something
independent Lernen beginnen		not influenced or controlled in any way by other people, events, or things
open-minded Lernen beginnen		willing to consider ideas and opinions that are new or different to your own
passionate about... Lernen beginnen		having very strong feelings or emotions
determined Lernen beginnen		wanting to do something very much and not allowing anyone or any difficulties to stop you
persistent Lernen beginnen		continues doing something or tries to do something in a determined but often unreasonable way
focused Lernen beginnen		giving a lot of attention to one particular thing
a team-player Lernen beginnen		someone who is good at working closely with other people
meticulous Lernen beginnen		giving or showing careful attention to every detail
empathetic Lernen beginnen		having the ability to imagine how someone else feels
patient Lernen beginnen		the ability to wait, or to continue doing something despite difficulties, or to suffer without complaining or becoming annoyed
thorough Lernen beginnen		paying close attention to detail
conscientious Lernen beginnen		putting a lot of effort into your work
gregarious Lernen beginnen		liking to be with other people
introvert Lernen beginnen		someone who is shy, quiet, and prefers to spend time alone rather than often being with other people
a problem solver Lernen beginnen		finding solutions to problems
a people person Lernen beginnen		someone who is friendly and enjoys meeting and talking to people
sociable Lernen beginnen		like to meet and spend time with other people
a born leader Lernen beginnen		someone with an innate capacity to effectively manage and lead groups of people to achieve collective goals
a go-getter Lernen beginnen		someone who is very energetic, determined to be successful, and able to deal with new or difficult situations easily
relish Lernen beginnen		to like or enjoy something
thrive Lernen beginnen		to grow, develop, or be successful
shrinking habitats Lernen beginnen		places where animals live and breed which are decreasing in size
endangered species Lernen beginnen		types of animals/plants which are in danger of no longer existing
global warming Lernen beginnen		steady rise in average world temperatures
climate change Lernen beginnen		changes in the weather/climate
carbon dioxide emissions Lernen beginnen		carbon dioxide gas from factories, cars, etc.
fossil fuels Lernen beginnen		coal, oil, etc.
greenhouse effect Lernen beginnen		warming of the Earth's surface caused by pollution
exerts severe pressure on Lernen beginnen		formal: puts pressure on
finite resources Lernen beginnen		limited resources
ecological balance Lernen beginnen		balance of natural relationships in the environment
deforestation Lernen beginnen		destruction/clearing of forests
demographic projections Lernen beginnen		forecasts about the population
the worst case scenario Lernen beginnen		the worst possibilities for the future
pristine environment Lernen beginnen		perfectly clean/untouched/unspoilt area
green credentials Lernen beginnen		reputation for positive support of the environment
prophets of doom and gloom Lernen beginnen		people who always make the most depressing or pessimistic predictions about the future
sustainable development Lernen beginnen		development of industry, etc. wich does not threaten the environment or social and economic stability
piecemeal conservation Lernen beginnen		carrying out conservation one bit at a time, with no overall plan
amphibian Lernen beginnen		able to live both on land and in water
climate Lernen beginnen		the general weather conditions usually found in a particular place
demography Lernen beginnen		the study of changes in the number of births, marriages, deaths, etc. in a particular area during a period of time
projection Lernen beginnen		a calculation or guess about the future based on information that you have
sustainability Lernen beginnen		the quality of causing little or no damage to the environment and therefore able to continue for a long time
reptile Lernen beginnen		an animal that produces eggs and uses the heat of the sun to keep its blood warm
mammals Lernen beginnen		any animal of which the female feeds her young on milk from her own body. Most mammals give birth to live young, not eggs
dire Lernen beginnen		saying that something very bad is going to happen
imminent /ˈɪmɪnənt/ Lernen beginnen		likely to happen very soon
nigh /naɪ/ Lernen beginnen		to be going to happen soon
assert Lernen beginnen		to state firmly that something is true
insofar as Lernen beginnen		to the degree that
time-honoured Lernen beginnen		done in the same way for a very long time
prophet of doom /ˈprɑː.fɪt/ Lernen beginnen		someone who always expects bad things to happen
a bit of a draught /dræft/ Lernen beginnen		a current of unpleasantly cold air blowing through a room
to get caught in a downpour Lernen beginnen		to get caught in a large amount of rain that falls quickly
to stalk one's prey Lernen beginnen		prey - an animal that is hunted and killed for food by another animal
to become extinct Lernen beginnen		to die out
defunct /dɪˈfʌŋkt/ Lernen beginnen		not existing or working any more
to peel an apple Lernen beginnen		to remove the skin of a fruit
tame Lernen beginnen		(especially of animals) not wild or dangerous, either naturally or because of training or long involvement with humans
resource Lernen beginnen		a useful or valuable possession or quality of a country, organization, or person
source Lernen beginnen		the place something comes from or starts at, or the cause of something
issue Lernen beginnen		a subject that people discuss or argue about, especially relating to society, politics etc
well Lernen beginnen		a deep hole in the ground from which you can get water, oil, or gas
off-shore Lernen beginnen		away from or at a distance from the coast
breed Lernen beginnen		a particular type of animal or plant
race Lernen beginnen		one of the main groups to which people are often considered to belong, based on physical characteristics that they are perceived to share such as skin colour, eye shape, etc.
hoof Lernen beginnen		the hard part on the bottom of the feet of animals such as horses, sheep, and deer (kopyto)
stable Lernen beginnen		building in which horses are kept
saddle Lernen beginnen		a leather seat on a horse:
sting stung stung Lernen beginnen		v: if an insect or an animal stings you, it hurts you by sticking a sharp part of its body into your skin n: a small but painful injury caused when an insect or animal makes a small hole in the skin
hive Lernen beginnen		a container in which bees live and make honey
buzz Lernen beginnen		the sound that insects make while flying
cub Lernen beginnen		a young bear, lion, fox, wolf, or other wild animal
whine Lernen beginnen		if something whines, it makes a high loud sound
lead Lernen beginnen		to take someone somewhere, by going with them n: a piece of rope, chain, etc. tied to an animal, especially to a dog at its collar when taking it for a walk:
kennel Lernen beginnen		a small, usually wooden, shelter for a dog to sleep in outside
flock Lernen beginnen		a group of sheep, goats, or birds
tusks Lernen beginnen		one of the two very long pointed teeth on an animal such as an elephant
trunk Lernen beginnen		an elephant's long nose
ivory /ˈaɪvəri/ Lernen beginnen		the yellowish-white bone that an elephant's tusks are made of
nocturnal Lernen beginnen		active at night
captivity Lernen beginnen		a situation in which wild animals are kept in a place such as a park or zoo instead of living in their natural environment
endangered species /ɪnˌdeɪndʒə(r)d ˈspiːʃiːz/ Lernen beginnen		a type of animal or plant that may soon become extinct (=disappear from the world)
environmentalist Lernen beginnen		someone who wants to protect the environment
fierce /fɪə(r)s/ Lernen beginnen		very angry, or ready to attack
mothering instincts Lernen beginnen		natural tendency to behave like a mother
abundant Lernen beginnen		existing or available in large quantities
maturity Lernen beginnen		the qualities and behaviour that you would expect of a sensible adult
handful Lernen beginnen		a very small number of people or things
epitomize /ɪˈpɪtəmaɪz/ Lernen beginnen		to be the best possible example of a particular type of person or thing
diversity /daɪˈvɜː(r)səti/ Lernen beginnen		the fact that very different people or things exist within a group or place
glacier Lernen beginnen		glacier
UK /ˈɡlæsiə(r)/ Lernen beginnen		UK / ˈɡlæsiə (r) /
USA /ˈɡleɪ.si.ɚ/ Lernen beginnen		a large mass of ice that moves slowly
vital (evidence) /ˈvaɪt(ə)l/ Lernen beginnen		very important, necessary, or essential
lump /lʌmp/ Lernen beginnen		1. a small hard part on or under your skin that is caused by illness or injury
2. someone lazy Lernen beginnen		2. someone lazy
wildebeest /ˈvɪldəˌbiːst/ Lernen beginnen		an African wild animal that is a type of antelope with curved horns
falconer Lernen beginnen		A hawk trainer
blossom Lernen beginnen		a flower on a tree, or all the flowers on a tree
soil Lernen beginnen		the substance on the surface of the Earth in which plants grow
horizon Lernen beginnen		/həˈraɪz(ə)n/
litter Lernen beginnen		a group of baby cats, dogs, or other animals that are born at the same time
young Lernen beginnen		a group of young animals who belong to the same family
torrential Lernen beginnen		torrential rain falls fast in large amounts
pip Lernen beginnen		a small seed in a piece of fruit
stone Lernen beginnen		a large hard seed inside a piece of fruit
nut Lernen beginnen		a dry fruit that grows inside a hard shell on some types of tree and bush. Many kinds of nut can be eaten
climate change Lernen beginnen		changes in the world's weather, in particular the fact that it is believed to be getting warmer as a result of human activity increasing the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
carbon footprint Lernen beginnen		Someone's carbon footprint is a measurement of the amount of carbon dioxide that their activities produce.
merely Lernen beginnen		used to emphasize that something is not large, important, or effective when compared to something else
a worst Lernen beginnen		case scenario- the most unpleasant or serious thing that could happen in a situation
an ice cap Lernen beginnen		a thick layer of ice that permanently covers an area of land
a wildfire Lernen beginnen		a fire that is burning strongly and out of control on an area of grass or bushes in the countryside
a drought Lernen beginnen		a long period when there is little or no rain, /draʊt/
Literally simply or just Lernen beginnen		using the real or original meaning of a word or phrase used to emphasize what you are saying
out of this world Lernen beginnen		extremely good or impressive
a taskforce Lernen beginnen		a group of people who are brought together to do a particular job, or a large military group who have a military aim to achieve
to counteract Lernen beginnen		to reduce or remove the effect of something unwanted by producing an opposite effect
Eligible Lernen beginnen		having the necessary qualities or satisfying the necessary conditions; An eligible person is not married and is thought to be a suitable future marriage partner, especially because they are rich and attractive
knock-on effect Lernen beginnen		When an event or situation has a knock-on effect, it causes other events or situations, but not directly
a trillion Lernen beginnen		the number 1,000,000,000,000
to diffuse sth Lernen beginnen		to (cause something to) spread in many directions
to divert Lernen beginnen		to cause something or someone to change direction
to send sb aquiver Lernen beginnen		to get sb excited
to get credit for sth Lernen beginnen		to get the glory, praise, approval
to scatter Lernen beginnen		to (cause to) move far apart in different directions
sulphate (siarczan) Lernen beginnen		a chemical formed from sulphur, oxygen, and another element
high-latitude Lernen beginnen		the position north or south of the equator measured from 0° to 90° (wysoka szerokość geograficzna)
dense Lernen beginnen		having parts that are close together so that it is difficult to go or see through; thick
to offset sth Lernen beginnen		to balance one effect against an opposing effect, so that there is no great difference as a result
if one thing offsets another thing, it has the opposite effect and so creates a more balanced situation Lernen beginnen		if one thing offsets another thing, it has the opposite effect and so creates a more balanced situation
needless to say Lernen beginnen		as you would expect; added to, or used to introduce, a remark giving information that is expected and not surprising:
a watchdog Lernen beginnen		a person or organization responsible for making certain that companies obey particular standards and do not act illegally
a moratorium Lernen beginnen		a stopping of an activity for an agreed amount of time
to blast sth Lernen beginnen		to destroy or explode sth with explosives
to knock sth off course Lernen beginnen		If you are headed in a particular direction in a small boat and something forcibly pushes you off your course ("path"), such as a strong wind and big waves—you've been knocked off course
Credible Lernen beginnen		able to be believed or trusted
to come up Lernen beginnen		to spend less, do less, or use less of something
to cut back Lernen beginnen		to do less of something, or use something in smaller amounts, especially money; to spend less
Integrity Lernen beginnen		honesty; the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles that you refuse to change
a thermostat Lernen beginnen		a device that keeps a building, engine, etc. within a limited temperature range by automatically switching the supply of heat on and off
a convert Lernen beginnen		/ˈkɑːn.vɝːt/ someone who changes their beliefs, habits, or way of living
when pigs fly Lernen beginnen		something that will never happen, impossible, highly unlikely to happen
an advocate Lernen beginnen		/ˈæd.və.keɪt/ someone who publicly supports something
a back-up plan Lernen beginnen		another plan prepared in case the initial one fails
vast Lernen beginnen		huge
hubris Lernen beginnen		/ˈhjuː.brɪs/ a way of talking or behaving that is too proud
to rise to a challenge Lernen beginnen		take on a difficult task
to discourage Lernen beginnen		to make someone feel less confident, enthusiastic, and positive about something, or less willing to do something
real Lernen beginnen		world-happening in the world or in someone's life rather than in a book, in the imagination, on the internet, etc.
tethered Lernen beginnen		/ˈteð.ɚd/ tied to a post or fixed to the ground with a rope or chain
a hose Lernen beginnen		a long plastic or rubber pipe, used to direct water onto fires, gardens, etc
altitude Lernen beginnen		height above the sea level
to ice over Lernen beginnen		becoming covered with a layer of ice

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