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Frage		Antworten
Founder of modern structuralist linguistics Lernen beginnen		Ferdinand de Saussure
Two components of a linguistic sign Lernen beginnen		Signifier (form/sound) and Signified (concept/meaning)
Meaning of “langue” Lernen beginnen		The abstract system of a language (rules and structure shared by a speech community)
What generates meaning? Lernen beginnen		Differences and relationships between linguistic elements (not individual words alone)
Best description of functional linguistics Lernen beginnen		Language is shaped by its communicative functions and use in context
“Can you pass the salt?” functions as Lernen beginnen		A request
Participant who performs the action (Role and Reference Grammar) Lernen beginnen		Actor
Undergoer in “The dog chased the cat” Lernen beginnen		The cat
Why use passive voice? Lernen beginnen		To omit the agent, focus on the result, or when the agent is unknown/irrelevant
Purpose of Formal Language Theory Lernen beginnen		To describe language using formal rules, grammars, and mathematical models
Dependency in “neither... nor” Lernen beginnen		Correlative (paired) dependency
Why regular languages are insufficient Lernen beginnen		They cannot handle hierarchical and recursive structures
Definition of Universal grammar Lernen beginnen		An innate set of linguistic principles shared by all humans
Words heard by age 5 Lernen beginnen		around 30 milion
Scholars arguing languages differ fundamentally Lernen beginnen		Functionalists / usage-based theorists (e.g., Michael Tomasello)
Alternative to Universal Grammar Lernen beginnen		Usage-based / emergentist approaches to language acquisition

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