Tatiana

borrowing

using a word from the SL instead of looking for an equivalent

calque

borrowing an expression from the SL and translating it literally

iteral translation

a direct transfer of the SL text into the target language

transposition

replacing one word class with another without changing the meaning of the expression, can be obligatory or optional

modulation

creating a variation of the form of the message by changing the point of view, can be obligatory or optional

equivalence

using different stylistic and structural methods to produce equivalent texts, mostly used for translating idioms, onomatopoeia, expressions which cannot be translated literally

adaptation

used when a situation that occurs in the ST is unknown and hard to understand for the TL reader, the translator replaces it with a target culture situation which the reader is familiar with

Descriptive branch

describes translation

Theoretical branch

explains the theories that inform the process of translation

Applied branch

uses the information gained from the former two branches for practical application

Interlingual

between two different languages

Intralingual

paraphrasing in the same language

Intersemiotic

paraphrasing between sign systems

Domestication

is focused on target (culture, text, language) rather than on original. A text which evinces the illusion of being written in native language is...

Foreignization

is a strategy that aims to preserve expressions and terms typical for the source culture. The advantage of this strategy is that translation remains faithful to original text.

Dolmetscher

who translates commercial texts

Übersetzer

who works on scholarly and artistic texts.

The informative text type

content-oriented – the best translation strategy is translation according to the sense and meaning of the original

The expressive text type

form-oriented – the best translation strategy is translating by identification to produce an analogous aesthetic effect on the receiver

The operative text type

appealing – the best translation strategy is adaptive translating the psychological mechanisms of the use of persuasive language should be adapted to the needs of the new language community.

Unstransibility

It is a situation in which no equivalent text or utterance can be found in another language when we are translating the text.

Cultural

When the target language and its culture lack relevant situational feature for the source language text,

Linguistic

When the target language has no corresponding words, tenses, phonetic or grammatical entities that occur in the source language, which does not have a Polish equivalent.

Full translation

refers to the translation of the entire work of the author,

Partial translation

only certain pieces of the text are translated.

Total translation

all grammatical and lexical aspects of the language are reproduced in the target language

Restricted translation

replacement of each of the words from the source text with the equivalents found in the target language.

Rank-bound translation

bounded by the limitation of the rank.

Unbounded translation

it is not bounded by any limitations of the rank.

Formal equivalence

aims at finding the closest equivalent of a source language message, although it is not always possible.

Dynamic equivalence

The purpose of dynamic equivalence is to transport the original message in such a way that the translated message will have the same influence on the reader of the target text as on the readers of the source text.

Communicative translation

detach yourself from trying to “mimic” the author i.e. when translating a literary text, and instead use the language that you, the translator

Semantic translation

“get into the author’s shoes”. Semantic translation focuses on the meaning through the perspective of the author, which may lead to over-translations