6. Słówka

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aquifer
Wells supplied with pumps can extract water from the aquifer.
noun - is an underground layer of permeable rock, sediment, or soil that holds and transmits groundwater, functioning as a natural reservoir.
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warstwa wodonośna
clay
a layer of clay hidden beneath a layer of lighter top soil.
noun - thick, heavy soil that is soft when wet, and hard when dry or baked, used for making bricks and containers.
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glina
silt*
noun - sand and clay that has been carried along by a river and is left on land.
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muł*
gravel
Gravel for the garden path.
noun - small pieces of stone used to make paths and road surfaces.
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żwir
cobble / cobblestone
A rounded stone formerly used in paving streets.
noun - a rounded stone used on the surface of an old-fashioned road.
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kamień / bruk
peat*
noun - is a problematic, highly compressible, low-strength organic soil formed from decomposed plant matter in waterlogged conditions.
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torf
trench / excavation
noun - is the essential process of removing soil, rock, and other materials from the ground to create spaces for constructing buildings, roads, utilities, and other infrastructure.
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wykop, rów / wykop
embankment
A railway embankment.
noun - is a raised structure or mound of compacted earth or other materials used to create a stable, elevated platform for roads, railways, and other infrastructure, or to hold back water to prevent flooding.
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wał, nasyp
ditch
noun - a long, narrow hole in the ground next to a road or field, which water can flow through.
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rów, kanał
backfill
verb - 1. Dig a large hole for the plant, then backfill with soil and compost. 2. Finally, backfill the trench. / noun - some of the fluorite produced from the lead mines was used as backfill underground.
verb - to fill a hole created by digging or drilling, especially using some of the material that has been taken out. / noun - is the material, such as soil, gravel etc., used to refill an excavated area after a foundation or trench has been constructed.
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zasypywać / zasypka
foundation
Concrete foundations.
noun - the part of a building, road, bridge, etc that is under the ground and supports it.
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fundament
substructure
The explosion damaged the bridge, but the substructure remained intact.
noun - is the part of a structure that lies below ground level, serving as the critical foundation to transfer the building's loads to the supporting soil.
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podbudowa, podwalina
lean concrete*
noun - is a low-strength mix with a high aggregate-to-cement ratio, typically containing less than 10% cement by weight.
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chudy beton
trench shoring*
noun - is the temporary installation of structural supports to reinforce the walls of an excavated trench, preventing them from collapsing and ensuring the safety of workers and surrounding structures.
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szalowanie wykopów
plate compactor*
noun - is a machine with a vibrating steel plate that uses centrifugal force to densify loose materials like soil, sand, gravel, and asphalt by reducing air pockets and creating a more stable, and strong foundation.
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zagęszczarka płytowa*

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