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Frage		Antworten
nouns podzial Lernen beginnen		proper, common count, not-count
no-count liczymy za pomoca Lernen beginnen		classifiers
verbs podzial Lernen beginnen		static dynamic
verbs podzial participants Lernen beginnen		intransitive, monotransitive, ditransitive, complex transitive
intransitive verbs Lernen beginnen		one participant - john is running
monotransutive Lernen beginnen		2 participants - mary knows the president
ditransitive Lernen beginnen		3 participants- john gave mary the dollars
seem Lernen beginnen		copular
appear Lernen beginnen		copular
sound Lernen beginnen		copular
turn Lernen beginnen		copular
look Lernen beginnen		copular
smell Lernen beginnen		copular
taste Lernen beginnen		copular
feel Lernen beginnen		copular
get Lernen beginnen		copukar
complex transitive verbs Lernen beginnen		mary considers john an imposter
believe Lernen beginnen		complex transit
consider Lernen beginnen		complex transit
find Lernen beginnen		complex transit
judge Lernen beginnen		complex transit
keep Lernen beginnen		comlex transit
think Lernen beginnen		complex transit
know Lernen beginnen		complex transit
presume Lernen beginnen		complex teansit
presume Lernen beginnen		complex transit
many Lernen beginnen		det
all Lernen beginnen		det
that Lernen beginnen		sub
verbs podzial Lernen beginnen		modal, non-modal auxiliary
following Lernen beginnen		adj
podzial czasownikow Lernen beginnen		lexical, modal, non-modal auxuliary
korygować Lernen beginnen		revise
konczyc Lernen beginnen		terminate
wytlumaczyc Lernen beginnen		account for
at home Lernen beginnen		wyrazenie przyimkowe
in time Lernen beginnen		prepositional phrase
with me Lernen beginnen		prepositional phrase
at home Lernen beginnen		prepositional phrase
word classes ile Lernen beginnen		8
words podzial Lernen beginnen		content, function
concent words Lernen beginnen		lexical morphemes
function words Lernen beginnen		grammatical morphemes
noncount Lernen beginnen		masscount
nouns podzial Lernen beginnen		concrete, abstract, collective
several Lernen beginnen		determiner
which Lernen beginnen		determiner
whose Lernen beginnen		determiner
degree words Lernen beginnen		intensifiers -rather, very, so
Adjective rodzaje Lernen beginnen		attributive, predicative
lexical verb Lernen beginnen		main verb
paradigm Lernen beginnen		set of all inflectional forms of the word
rodzaje przymiotnikow ze wzgledu na stopniowanie Lernen beginnen		analytical, synthetic
determiners rola Lernen beginnen		they determine the noun phrase
reference Lernen beginnen		definite, indefinite
indefinite reference Lernen beginnen		specific, unspecific
prepozirions podział Lernen beginnen		spacial, temporal
coordinators Lernen beginnen		join the elements of the same status
subordinator Lernen beginnen		introduct clauses
subordinator Lernen beginnen		introduct clauses
subordinator Lernen beginnen		introduct clauses
clause Lernen beginnen		full grammatical unit
too Lernen beginnen		degree word
most Lernen beginnen		degree word
need Lernen beginnen		auxiliary
whatever Lernen beginnen		determiner
lexicon Lernen beginnen		the inventory of all the morphemes
aka Lernen beginnen		also known as
word class Lernen beginnen		lclass of expressions which share a common set of grammatical properties
distribution Lernen beginnen		the environment in which the members of s class typically occur
losowy Lernen beginnen		arbitrary
jednostka Lernen beginnen		entity
zewnetrzny Lernen beginnen		external
classifiers Lernen beginnen		unit nouns
verbs odmiana Lernen beginnen		six-term inflectional paradigm
fairly Lernen beginnen		degree modifier
very Lernen beginnen		degree modifier
three years Lernen beginnen		measure phrase
predictive adjectives Lernen beginnen		complements of a copular verb
zdrajca Lernen beginnen		traitor
her Lernen beginnen		determiner
hers Lernen beginnen		pronoun
inflwction Lernen beginnen		adjusting to the context
derivation Lernen beginnen		morphological operations by wchich new words are formed
root Lernen beginnen		carries the lexical information
interfix Lernen beginnen		goes in between(o)
infix Lernen beginnen		inside a single lexem
circumfix Lernen beginnen		en
3 types of compounds Lernen beginnen		endocentric, exocentric, appositional
appositional Lernen beginnen		both elements have equal status
exocentric Lernen beginnen		u cant say that 1 element is more important than the other
endocentric Lernen beginnen		1 element describes the other
conversion Lernen beginnen		lexical recategorisation
back-formation Lernen beginnen		removing part of the word that we have
reduplication Lernen beginnen		repetition of the word/slight chanfe
clipping Lernen beginnen		cutting the part of the word
blending Lernen beginnen		we take 2 words clip one element and put together
acronomization Lernen beginnen		taking the first letters, sylabs
internal modification Lernen beginnen		creating new words by substituting the sounds
another Lernen beginnen		pronoun
morphology Lernen beginnen		deals with internal structure of words
morphem Lernen beginnen		the smallest component of the world
simple words simplexes Lernen beginnen		lexical items made of one morpheme
podzial na words Lernen beginnen		simple words, complex words
concatenative processes Lernen beginnen		putting together a basr and an affix or two or more morphemes
non-concatenative processes Lernen beginnen		no morpheme is joined with another morpheme
cicumfix Lernen beginnen		in- unproductive in english
types of morphrmes Lernen beginnen		prefix, suffix, root, interfix,
compounding Lernen beginnen		concatenation of at least two root morphemes
girlfriend Lernen beginnen		appositional
woman dictor Lernen beginnen		appositional
woman doctor Lernen beginnen		appositional
sleepwalk Lernen beginnen		appositional
tennis shoe Lernen beginnen		endocentric
kitchen chair Lernen beginnen		endocentric
sit-in Lernen beginnen		exocentric
pickpocket Lernen beginnen		exocentric
redhead Lernen beginnen		exocentric
borrowings Lernen beginnen		enter a language from the system of another panguage
many Lernen beginnen		specifier
our Lernen beginnen		specifier
so Lernen beginnen		specifier
too Lernen beginnen		specifier
right Lernen beginnen		specifier
quite Lernen beginnen		specifier
just Lernen beginnen		specifier
word form Lernen beginnen		the different ways a word can the context of languageexist in
head Lernen beginnen		minimal projection
phrases r endocentric Lernen beginnen		they r built around the head successively
constituency test N Lernen beginnen		N - one/ones, pronoun,
constituencg tests v Lernen beginnen		do so, ellipsis, did
constituency tests Lernen beginnen		movement: topic, postponing, subject aux inversion, passive for NP
tom Lernen beginnen		volume
argument structure Lernen beginnen		the number and kinds of arguments a predicate takes
podmiot Lernen beginnen		subject
orzeczenie Lernen beginnen		predicate
agent restructions Lernen beginnen		nie stative verb with experiencer
what x did was Lernen beginnen		x - agent, force, cause
what happend to x was Lernen beginnen		x - patient, theme
causative alternation Lernen beginnen		jane broke the cup
inochative alternation Lernen beginnen		the cup broke
(indefinite) object drop Lernen beginnen		mike ate (the cake)
dative alternation Lernen beginnen		bill sold tom a car, bill sold a car to tom
benefactive alternation Lernen beginnen		martha carved a toy for the baby- the baby a toy
locative alternation Lernen beginnen		jack sprayed the wall WITH paint/the table OF dishes
middle alternation Lernen beginnen		this book reads well
adding goal pp Lernen beginnen		John drove (to Paris)
understood reflexive object alternation Lernen beginnen		john shaves in the morning
agent Lernen beginnen		animate initiator
force Lernen beginnen		inanimate cause of an action
instrument Lernen beginnen		the means by which an event is caused
experiencer Lernen beginnen		the animate being affected inwardly
source Lernen beginnen		the place from which an action emnate
goal Lernen beginnen		the place to which or pwrson to whom an action is dorected
path Lernen beginnen		the path taken in moving from one place to another
location Lernen beginnen		the place at/in which or time at which an action occurs
possessor Lernen beginnen		the possessor of a thing
inalienable possession Lernen beginnen		Judy’s head
alienable possession Lernen beginnen		judys car
benefactive Lernen beginnen		the person/thing for which an action is performed
factitive Lernen beginnen		the object resulting from an action having no prior existence
patient Lernen beginnen		a person or thing affected by an action
patient Lernen beginnen		undergoes a change
theme Lernen beginnen		undergoes actiob transferred/moved
neutral Lernen beginnen		person/thing not changed but simply presented
range Lernen beginnen		specification/limitatiin of an action
role Lernen beginnen		a person playing a role/part in an action
direct object Lernen beginnen		who what
indirect object Lernen beginnen		to whom for whom
case frame Lernen beginnen		abstract specification of the thematic role possibilities for each predicate
predicates Lernen beginnen		relations or operations carried out on the participants
arguments Lernen beginnen		the participants
testing dynamism Lernen beginnen		ing
testing durativity Lernen beginnen		check po: for 10 minutes/until dawn
testing telicity Lernen beginnen		for 10 minutes, in 10 minutes
active voice subject Lernen beginnen		agent experiencer
passive voice subkect Lernen beginnen		patient/theme
passivisation Lernen beginnen		complemment becomes the subject
obligatory by phrase with: Lernen beginnen		follow, precede
the double object construction forces Lernen beginnen		the possessive relation
rules for how u interpret words and their combinations Lernen beginnen		semantics
rules for putting words together in phrases and sentences Lernen beginnen		syntax
the chemical composition of waterbis h2o Lernen beginnen		timeless statement
cicha woda brzegi rwie Lernen beginnen		Still waters run deep
i think Lernen beginnen		state
przeslanka, zlozenje Lernen beginnen		premise
I will Lernen beginnen		premise
I am Lernen beginnen		intention
i’m going to Lernen beginnen		strong intention
will you be going Lernen beginnen		asking about plans
will you go Lernen beginnen		request
I was meeting Lernen beginnen		the meeting started before
i have been very busy Lernen beginnen		still february, 0 nit completed
I had hoped Lernen beginnen		in the past
I was hoping Lernen beginnen		polite expression
has been placing Lernen beginnen		repeated action — keep doing it
has killed rabbits Lernen beginnen		no more rabbits
has been killing rabbits Lernen beginnen		some rabbits still
I didnt’t have time in the morning Lernen beginnen		no longer the morning
I haven’t had time in the morning Lernen beginnen		morning still
where has steve gone for his holiday Lernen beginnen		he is still on holidays
where has steve been going for Lernen beginnen		repeated action
where did steve go for Lernen beginnen		he is no longer there
rules of X’ syntax Lernen beginnen		rules for adding a complement, adjunct, specifier to a head
clause Lernen beginnen		sentence-elements or the parts sentences are built from
4 levels analyse Lernen beginnen		word level, phrase level, clause level, sentence level
syntactic units the rank scale Lernen beginnen		1.) sentence 2.) clause 3.) phrase 4.) word/lexical category
subordinate clause Lernen beginnen		embedded clause
subordinate/embeeded clause Lernen beginnen		clause within a main clause
that Lernen beginnen		conjunction/subordinator
sentence Lernen beginnen		independent unit of syntax
clause Lernen beginnen		may be dependent/independent
finite verb Lernen beginnen		verb inflected for tense and/or agreement
sentence are always Lernen beginnen		finite
subordinate clauses Lernen beginnen		finite/non-finite
finite verb forms Lernen beginnen		carry tense (and agreement)
if clauses Lernen beginnen		always finite
modal auxiliaries Lernen beginnen		finite verb forms
that clauses Lernen beginnen		always finite
bare infinitive Lernen beginnen		non-finite verb form
present participle Lernen beginnen		non-finite verb form
past participle Lernen beginnen		non-finite verb clause
to infinitive Lernen beginnen		non-finite verb clause
main sentence type Lernen beginnen		declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamative
wh - order of declarative sen Lernen beginnen		when wh word corresponds to subject or complement of copula verb
imperative sentences Lernen beginnen		finite
exclamative sentence Lernen beginnen		initial wh word, do not display subject auxiliary inversion
dependent finite clauses form Lernen beginnen		that, if, wh
dependent finite clauses, syntactic functions Lernen beginnen		subject clauses, direct object claused, adjunct clauses
np as a direct object Lernen beginnen		I know (this book)
clause as a direct object Lernen beginnen		I know (that john will come)
Np as subject Lernen beginnen		(his phone-call) surprised me
clause as subject Lernen beginnen		(that john came) surprised me
finite adjunct clauses Lernen beginnen		I will repair it (when I return)
that clauses Lernen beginnen		cannot function as adjunctd
to inf as a direct object with an overt subject Lernen beginnen		Ann considers (Helen to be an excellent director)
to infinitive clauses as direct object without an overt subjct Lernen beginnen		Gary wants to leave
to inf clause as direct object with wh word Lernen beginnen		he forgot ehat to sat to the examiners
to infinite clause as a subjct with overt subject Lernen beginnen		(for u to park here) would be illigal
to inf clause as subject without overt subj Lernen beginnen		to park here is illegal
to inf clauses as adjuncts with an overt subject Lernen beginnen		(for marry to pass her driving test) she will need to takr many more lessons
to inf clauses as adjuncts without an overt subject Lernen beginnen		in order to/ so as to
bare infinitive clauses as adjunct Lernen beginnen		eather than, sooner than, NO OVERT SUabJECT
taxi Lernen beginnen		cab
ing participle as adjunct Lernen beginnen		(the streets being completrly deserted) Jackie preferred to take a cub
ing participle clause as adjunct without a sub of their oen Lernen beginnen		(working on his essay late), tom was quickly becoming tired
ed participle clause as adjunct with a subject of his owb Lernen beginnen		we were all excited (the plan sccepted by the government)
ed part clause as adjunct eithout subject of their oen Lernen beginnen		formulated clearly, thid dtatement will caude no problems
dusic sie Lernen beginnen		suffocate
function of claused complement of n Lernen beginnen		idea, information, command, suggestion, question
clause as a compømnt of AP Lernen beginnen		I sm (eager (to work with u))
clause complment of p Lernen beginnen		he is uncertain (pp about (what u said to me))
relative clauses adjuncts Lernen beginnen		restrictive = defining relative clause
restrictive(relative clauses) Lernen beginnen		info that is necessary for identifying the referent of the np
clauses as adjuncts Lernen beginnen		non restrictive = non-defining clauses
non-restrictive clauses Lernen beginnen		does not add further info that cobtributes to identifying the referent of np
non restrictive rel clauses Lernen beginnen		marked by commas
complementizers non- finite clauses Lernen beginnen		r introduced by FOR I want (for u to be happy)
that necessary Lernen beginnen		clause as subject/ complement
that required Lernen beginnen		if the clausal compøement is moved to the left
for required: Lernen beginnen		complement separated from the verb, pseudo clefts
for required in non-f if cl Lernen beginnen		has an overt subjects, functions as subject or adjunct
if whether as complmntizers Lernen beginnen		always obligatory!!!
if introduces Lernen beginnen		FINITE embeeded claused
Whether introduces Lernen beginnen		FINITE and NON-FINITE embedded clauses
lexical entry Lernen beginnen		1.) gram category 2.) argument structure 3.) thematic structure 4.) subcategorization frame
parts of speech Lernen beginnen		words
or, and, but = parts of speech Lernen beginnen		coordinators
that if part of speech Lernen beginnen		subordinator
your time is up Lernen beginnen		A
the balloons rose up to the sky Lernen beginnen		Adv
they live just up the street from us Lernen beginnen		P
the dog tore up the slipper Lernen beginnen		prt
major word classes Lernen beginnen		lexical categories
minor word classes Lernen beginnen		functional cat
kostka masla Lernen beginnen		a stick of butter
classifier with count noun Lernen beginnen		a heap of books
copular verbs Lernen beginnen		1 participant + 1 constituent
she got her hair wet Lernen beginnen		comolex transitive
participants Lernen beginnen		arguments
verbs Lernen beginnen		predicators
adjectives Lernen beginnen		* gradable * non-gradable
synthetic inflection for grade Lernen beginnen		old-older-oldedest
analytical inflection for grafe Lernen beginnen		beutiful - more beautiful
fairly Lernen beginnen		degree modifier / measure phrase
very, extremely, three years Lernen beginnen		degree modifier, measure phrase
very, rather, extremely Lernen beginnen		degree adverbs
A vs Adverbs Lernen beginnen		Adverbs do not combine with nouns in Attributive position
primary auxiliaries Lernen beginnen		have, be
dummy auxiliary Lernen beginnen		do
this/ that Lernen beginnen		demonstratives
determiners Lernen beginnen		articles, demonstratives, possessives
my his her Lernen beginnen		determiner
hers Lernen beginnen		pronoun
indefinite reference Lernen beginnen		specific/ unspecific
come round the corner Lernen beginnen		P
come roumd with some fresh air Lernen beginnen		adv
idle Lernen beginnen		próżnować, bezczynny
adjectives Lernen beginnen		4 subcategories
abstract to concrete Lernen beginnen		personality- a personality
mass to count Lernen beginnen		beer -> 2 beers
count to mass Lernen beginnen		1 garlic - the smell of garlic
one of the major types of morphologucal operations by which new words r formed Lernen beginnen		derivation
simple wirds= morphological simplexes Lernen beginnen		lexical items made of one morpheme
morph Lernen beginnen		free morph bound morph
free morph Lernen beginnen		root
affix Lernen beginnen		always a bound root
derivational affix Lernen beginnen		prefix/ suffix
simple word Lernen beginnen		1 free root
complex word Lernen beginnen		1 free root + 1/more bound morphs
compund word Lernen beginnen		2 free roots
compound - complex Lernen beginnen		2 free roots+ bound morphs
derivation Lernen beginnen		additiom of a word-forming afix
conversion Lernen beginnen		functional shift
functional shift Lernen beginnen		conversion
a combination of two or more free roots Lernen beginnen		compound
root creation Lernen beginnen		invention of an entirely new root morpheme
prefix Lernen beginnen		un, mis, over
suffix Lernen beginnen		er, ship, ful, ist
interfix Lernen beginnen		gramophone
infix Lernen beginnen		kangabloodyroo
circumfix Lernen beginnen		enliven
compouding Lernen beginnen		concatenation of at least two root morphemes
endocentric comp Lernen beginnen		kitchen chair
exocentric compound Lernen beginnen		pickpocket, redhead
appositional compund Lernen beginnen		woman doctor
conversion Lernen beginnen		empty (adj) -> to rmpty
clipping Lernen beginnen		fridge
blending Lernen beginnen		workoholic
acronymization Lernen beginnen		VIP
internal modification Lernen beginnen		iife-live, drip- drop, feed-food
borrowings Lernen beginnen		hamburger, pin, pit
borrowings from eng Lernen beginnen		spruce, britzka
* know the ansers źle bo Lernen beginnen		imperative require eventive verb + agent
know the anwers zle bo nie moze byc Lernen beginnen		stative verb, experiencer
only ... license purpose clauses Lernen beginnen		agent
what y did to x Lernen beginnen		y - agent/animate cause
bil liked the film Lernen beginnen		source
locative alternation. henry cleared dieshes from the table Lernen beginnen		henry cleared the table of dishes
john drove - john drove to paris Lernen beginnen		adding goal pp
john shaves in the morning Lernen beginnen		understood reflexive object alternation
this book reads easily Lernen beginnen		middle alternation
the situation types differ in Lernen beginnen		dynamism, durativity, trlicity
dynamic test Lernen beginnen		checking if predicate is compatible eith progressive aspect
state can be used in the progressive Lernen beginnen		if a state can be interpreted as temporary or the degree
durativity test Lernen beginnen		checking if predicate is compatible with pp like for 10 minutes/until dawn
the plane flee Lernen beginnen		atelic
she ate a bowl of rice Lernen beginnen		telic
she ate rice Lernen beginnen		atelic
telicy test Lernen beginnen		checking which temporal adverbial is compatible with the verbal predicate
telic situations test Lernen beginnen		in ten minutes
atelic situation test Lernen beginnen		fir ten minuted
pp measure in telic situations must measure Lernen beginnen		the duration of the situation
she opened the windows for 10 minutes Lernen beginnen		telic- pp measures the duration
the can will explode in 2 minutes Lernen beginnen		telic
twierdzic Lernen beginnen		to assert
* i think about my work now Lernen beginnen		think involves mental activity
progressive aspect with punctual events Lernen beginnen		only to express repetitions
the soldier was dying Lernen beginnen		lead to a punctual event
np as adjunct Lernen beginnen		yesterday/last year/ the minth before/this second
advP as adjunct Lernen beginnen		urgently, repeatedly, officially
pp as adjunct Lernen beginnen		in a rush
pp as adjunct Lernen beginnen		outdide London, in some ways, by the council
* john closed (carefully) the door Lernen beginnen		an adjunct cannot separate the verb from its direct object
adjuncts can stack Lernen beginnen		I saw the film (several times) (last year)
complements of prepositions Lernen beginnen		np, pp(out of love) clause uncertain about what you sais
complements of adjectives Lernen beginnen		pp - dependend on clause - eager to help
cpmplements of nouns Lernen beginnen		pp (specialisation in), clause -consideration whether, np linguistics student
intransitive verbs Lernen beginnen		not require a complement, may have adjuncts
intransitive verbs do not take a complement Lernen beginnen		william blushed
complements of verb Lernen beginnen		pp listentomusic, np/pp indirect objects hive my brother a present
complement of verbs Lernen beginnen		np - drink two glasses of, clause -confirm that...
happy Lernen beginnen		about/with
np adjunct Lernen beginnen		this week
pp adjunct Lernen beginnen		in the park
ap adjunct Lernen beginnen		very long
np complement Lernen beginnen		read(a book)
pp complement Lernen beginnen		rely (on mary)
ap cpmplement Lernen beginnen		be(very happy)
non-complements and non-adjuncts Lernen beginnen		specifiers
head alone Lernen beginnen		vp - take photos, ap -on the table
bracked diagram for the sentence Lernen beginnen		[tp[np the[ap little] monk ]...
the journalist interviewed in tuxedo Lernen beginnen		the journalist interwiewed him ib s tuxedo
the journalist interviewed in a tuxedo Lernen beginnen		clefting - this is an actor in a tucedo that intereiewed
constituent Lernen beginnen		phrase
the postman lost his keys yesterday constituents Lernen beginnen		he lost it then
how id the meaning determined? Lernen beginnen		passive, auciliary inversion
him, I don‘t like Lernen beginnen		topicalisation
but climp the rockets they never will Lernen beginnen		topicalisation
captain link was examined by the vet Lernen beginnen		passivisation
anna hit with pepper dpray some poor guy Lernen beginnen		heavy np shift
the x’schema Lernen beginnen		intermediate projection, intermediate projection, maximal projection
PS rules Lernen beginnen		generate hierarrchical structure
ps rules Lernen beginnen		tell us how to build phrases
structure building begins wirh the word category Lernen beginnen		the head of the structure
general schems Lernen beginnen		X‘ schema
X Lernen beginnen		head
YP Lernen beginnen		cpnstituent, comolement
X‘ Lernen beginnen		intermediate projection
RP Lernen beginnen		adjunct
ZP Lernen beginnen		specifier
X‘ Lernen beginnen		intermediate structure
english-head initial language Lernen beginnen		complements follow their heads
complement of the verb Lernen beginnen		object
*louise abandonedd Lernen beginnen		project is a complement, it is not omissible
the last constituent that can be merged in a phtlrase Lernen beginnen		specifier
complete phrase Lernen beginnen		a maximal projection of the head
specifier Lernen beginnen		right, straight, very, quite, her, the
the specifier of the sentence Lernen beginnen		subject
syntactic selection is referred to as Lernen beginnen		SUBCATEGORISATION
Endocentricity - phrases are endocentric Lernen beginnen		they r built around the head successively
head Lernen beginnen		the minimal projection
complements Lernen beginnen		expand x into x’
adjuncts Lernen beginnen		expand recursively x’ into x’
specifiers Lernen beginnen		expand x’ into xp
* but jim did so a magazine Lernen beginnen		substitution for the head alone impossible
ellipsis - substitution for np Lernen beginnen		but Jim is not
ellipsis constituemcy tests for vp Lernen beginnen		and nor will jay
the new teacher did Lernen beginnen		replacemrnt for entire vp
preposing = Lernen beginnen		topicalisation
* the spealer they know on the stge Lernen beginnen		no subpart of np moveable
topicalisation Lernen beginnen		the candidate came in for interview and highly intelligent she was indeed
topicalisation Lernen beginnen		the dy before the accident, they walked to the party
talk to him i never will Lernen beginnen		topicalistion
postponing Lernen beginnen		heavy np shift
they presented the speaker on the stage to millicent Lernen beginnen		heavy np shift
subj aux inverdion for dubject nps Lernen beginnen		was the mn with the scar singing songs in desperation?
clefting Lernen beginnen		it is his resignation that the chairman is handing in.
* what the tiger did at the gorilla was smile Lernen beginnen		no part of vp possible
coordinators Lernen beginnen		conjunctions
coordination Lernen beginnen		linking constituents to form larger structures (constituents)
coordination Lernen beginnen		phrases must be syntactically parallel
* lee went to the store and crazy Lernen beginnen		the parallelism allows elements of the same category
coordination involves Lernen beginnen		syntactic and semantic parallelism
black carno, king of sweden Lernen beginnen		only maximal projections/full phrases can occur as sentence fragments
tree and bracket diagrams Lernen beginnen		are representations of constituent structure
constituency tests Lernen beginnen		do sl, ellipsis, did, movement, heavy np shift, subject aux inversion, passive for nps
constituency tests Lernen beginnen		passive for np, clefting, pseudo clefting, coordinstion
verbs describing situations specify Lernen beginnen		whether they r relational or not
relations or operations carried out on the participants Lernen beginnen		predicate
1 place predicate Lernen beginnen		Frank is irish
2 place predicate Lernen beginnen		Diana left the gym
4 place predicate Lernen beginnen		he flew from ny to havana via miami
o place predicate Lernen beginnen		0 place predicates
semantic notions Lernen beginnen		1/2/3 place ptedicate
syntactic notions Lernen beginnen		intransitive/monotransitive/ditransitive
predicates nie tylko verbs tez Lernen beginnen		nouns, adjectives/adverbs, prep
* john is fond Lernen beginnen		2 place predicate - does not allow any arguments to be kmplicit
v envy Lernen beginnen		2 place predicate with 2 obligatory arguments
a envious Lernen beginnen		2 place predicate, one implicit
* they r at Lernen beginnen		at - 2 place predicate
* florence is between milan Lernen beginnen		between- 3 place predicate
nouns as predicated Lernen beginnen		Pauls analysy of the data was superfluous
adjectives as predicates Lernen beginnen		John is envious
prepositions as predicates Lernen beginnen		they r at the station
the bottlw contains alcohol Lernen beginnen		location
people filled the room Lernen beginnen		location
the man with the dog/ with brown hair Lernen beginnen		possessor
coach Lernen beginnen		kareta, powóz
the coast is clearch turned into a punpkin Lernen beginnen		factirive
the chicken was baked by me Lernen beginnen		patient
it costs a hundred dollars Lernen beginnen		range
it weights 80 kilograms Lernen beginnen		range
hum Lernen beginnen		nucić
he hummed a silly tune Lernen beginnen		range
he lived out his life happily Lernen beginnen		range
lexical representation of predicates Lernen beginnen		argument structure
weather predications Lernen beginnen		no referential argument, no thematic relation involved
subcategorisation Lernen beginnen		lets us encode the category of the complement of a lexical item
#my chocolate cake saw the phoneme Lernen beginnen		semantic selection
experiencer Lernen beginnen		encodes animate being
sentient Lernen beginnen		czujący
* john envies Lernen beginnen		out-argument and thematic structure violatiib and subcategorization restriction violation
* john is envious mary Lernen beginnen		out- violates subcategorization restriction of envious
# the car envious mary Lernen beginnen		semantically ill informed
rozwscieczyc Lernen beginnen		enrage
the child took the book off thr shelf Lernen beginnen		source
his leaving pleases me Lernen beginnen		source
the sun gives off heat Lernen beginnen		source
a caterpillar turns into the butterfly Lernen beginnen		source
i walked upstairs Lernen beginnen		goal
she did it for love Lernen beginnen		goal
path Lernen beginnen		over the mountains
along the raiload tracks Lernen beginnen		via
specifier Lernen beginnen		may be obligatory in the phrase
obligatory specifier Lernen beginnen		determiner
* this the book Lernen beginnen		specifoers don’t stuck
specifiers Lernen beginnen		r not mobile
impossibility of recurdion and immobility Lernen beginnen		so, rather
so, rather Lernen beginnen		det
utterly as adjunct Lernen beginnen		so utterly incompetent ok utterly so *
* he was completely so in the wrong Lernen beginnen		so- specifier of pp
right Lernen beginnen		determiner
specifier Lernen beginnen		precedes x’ in english
not Lernen beginnen		specifier of a negated vp
subjects in clauses Lernen beginnen		SPECIFIERS
obligatory determiners Lernen beginnen		det in NP, NP in TP
Specifier in NP Lernen beginnen		a/some/out/this
spec in vp Lernen beginnen		negation
specifier in ap Lernen beginnen		too, how, so
spec in advp Lernen beginnen		rather, too, so, this, that
specifier in pp Lernen beginnen		right, just, quite
specifoer in clause Lernen beginnen		NP
specifoer in clause Lernen beginnen		pp- under the stairs was a safe area
specifier in clause Lernen beginnen		clause- to be good... where to eat, why...
specofier in clause Lernen beginnen		ap restledd is what i would call him
advp specifier Lernen beginnen		cautiously is how i would suggedt u do it
spec ln clause Lernen beginnen		formal requirement of grammar, not slways interpretable
specifoer in clause Lernen beginnen		formal requirement, not always interpretable
spec in clause not always interpretable - there r two lions in the cage Lernen beginnen		if often rains in england, there r teo lions
it is late Lernen beginnen		it - not interpretable
the specifier of T Lernen beginnen		question tags as a pronoun
the final element added in a phrase Lernen beginnen		specifier
every phrase has 3 levels of structure Lernen beginnen		x, x’, x’’
never Lernen beginnen		spec of vp
spec of ap Lernen beginnen		HOW nice
a juvenile Lernen beginnen		nieletni
a private Lernen beginnen		szeregowy
a natural Lernen beginnen		naturszczyk
a daily Lernen beginnen		dziennik
herd Lernen beginnen		tłum, stado
your time is up Lernen beginnen		A
the balloons rose up to the sky Lernen beginnen		adv
the dog tore up the slipper Lernen beginnen		prt
they live just up the street from us Lernen beginnen		adv
would you write your adress down for me Lernen beginnen		prt
he ran down the stairs Lernen beginnen		P
he looked down because he was embarassed Lernen beginnen		adv
dummy auxiliary Lernen beginnen		do
primary auxiliaries Lernen beginnen		have, be
vis Lernen beginnen		potęga, siła
monotheism root Lernen beginnen		THE
syntactic pattern Lernen beginnen		V+ N+ er>N
hover Lernen beginnen		unosic sie
pług Lernen beginnen		plow
drip Lernen beginnen		kapać
clean-cut Lernen beginnen		wyrazisty
badmouth Lernen beginnen		obgadywac
cranapple Lernen beginnen		semantically opaque
neologizm Lernen beginnen		literary coinage
canary od canary islands Lernen beginnen		commonization
split adjective Lernen beginnen		an adverb placed between to and the verb makes a split infinitive
constituency tests Lernen beginnen		wh fronting -what, ommission
words that combine with nouns Lernen beginnen		determiners
idles Lernen beginnen		3 rd sg pres inflectional form
idled Lernen beginnen		past tense form
adjectives subcategorisation Lernen beginnen		adjectives dividen into fojr subcatrgories
recategorisatiin abstract to concrete Lernen beginnen		personality -> a personality
mass to count recategorisation Lernen beginnen		beer/2 beers
count to mass recategorisation Lernen beginnen		1 garlic/ the smell of garlic
Proper to common recategorisstion Lernen beginnen		einstain -> an einstein
constituent Lernen beginnen		a wird that functions as a single unit within a hierarchical structure
semantics Lernen beginnen		rules for how u interpret words and their combinations
syntax Lernen beginnen		rules for putting words together in phrases and sentencess
* a jously husband Lernen beginnen		adverbs do not combine with nouns in attributive position
* he became jealously Lernen beginnen		adverbs do not combine with nouns in predicative position
AP Lernen beginnen		completely dry
different types of words Lernen beginnen		1.) simple tree 2.) complex 3.) compound
kieszonkowiec Lernen beginnen		a pickpocket
ing czesc mowy Lernen beginnen		gerund
yourself Lernen beginnen		pronoun
another Lernen beginnen		pronoun
drip->drop, sell-sale, bent - bend Lernen beginnen		internal modification, breath-breathe
potega sila Lernen beginnen		vis
invisibly root Lernen beginnen		vis
what Lernen beginnen		PRONOUN
so Lernen beginnen		CONJUNCTION
declarative Lernen beginnen		statement of fact/assertion
interrogative Lernen beginnen		question
imperative Lernen beginnen		directive
exclamative Lernen beginnen		exclamation
aspect Lernen beginnen		progressive, non-progressive, perdfective
refuction Lernen beginnen		by ellipsis/ by pro-form
reduction by ellipsis Lernen beginnen		I would like to go with u but Ucant
reduction by pro-form Lernen beginnen		was he arrested? Im afraid SO
pro-forms: one, other Lernen beginnen		there r not probouns-pron cant be used with determiners!
clause reduction Lernen beginnen		the entire clause is reduced to the proforms this that and it
this Lernen beginnen		clausal prp-form
it Lernen beginnen		clausal proform
topicalization Lernen beginnen		a post-verbal constituent is in the sentence initial position
left dislocation Lernen beginnen		a constituent is displaved from its basic position to the sentence initial position, leaves a pronominal copy
passive Lernen beginnen		construction that enables the object of verb to become the topic
focaliztion Lernen beginnen		movement to the left to mark focus/contrast
focalization Lernen beginnen		10 years we lived there
focalization Lernen beginnen		that bowl we got in Italy. the other...
it cleft Lernen beginnen		the message is split into two parts(it is ...-> focused)
pseudo-cleft Lernen beginnen		the message is split into two parts. that ...-> focused firegrounded
driven movements to the right Lernen beginnen		extraposition, sub-v inversion, heavy np shift, there insertion, right dislocation
right dislocation Lernen beginnen		the reverse of left dislocation
right dislocation Lernen beginnen		a sentence with additional np which is reffered to a pronoun inside the main sentence
right dislocation Lernen beginnen		the right dislocated constituent is focused
heavy np shift Lernen beginnen		heavy np moved to the right end position in accordance with the heaviness principle
heavy np Lernen beginnen		long/complex np
extraposition feom np Lernen beginnen		relative clause/adjunct moves to the sentence final position
extraoosition feom np Lernen beginnen		six women appeared with yellow hats
restrictions on extraposition from np Lernen beginnen		possible with clauses containing intransitive verbs
it extraposition Lernen beginnen		the displced subject or object leaves it in the positiom from which it moved rightward to the sentence final position
it extraposition Lernen beginnen		that...- new info
2 it extraposition constructions Lernen beginnen		displacing the subject, displacing the object
it extraposition restrictions Lernen beginnen		the extraposed constituent must be a clause or a gerund
restriction on it-extraposition Lernen beginnen		a clause in the subject position must correspond to given information, if not sub extraposition is obligatory
it extraposition complex transitive verbs - complement clause Lernen beginnen		it - obligatory
subject verb inversion Lernen beginnen		the subject is inverted with the dependent of the verb
subject - verb inversion Lernen beginnen		the inverted subject introduces new information
subject verb inversion Lernen beginnen		on her desk was a bowl of fruit
sub verb inversion restriction Lernen beginnen		if the subject is old inf and the dependent is new there is no inversion
there insertion Lernen beginnen		pronoun there isin the subject position in so-called existential or presentstional clauses
there insertion Lernen beginnen		lexical subject is is presented as new to the sddressee
there insertion restrivction Lernen beginnen		copular verb/ any other that can serve asthe subject of that verb
there -insertion + adjectival predicate Lernen beginnen		adjective must describe some non-pernament property
restrictions on there insertion Lernen beginnen		definite nps impossible
reduction Lernen beginnen		by ellipsis/ by pro-form
clause reduction Lernen beginnen		the entire clause is reduced to the pro-forms this, that, it
vp reduction Lernen beginnen		vp may be omitted, do so/that is used as a pro-form replacing the vp
vp reduction Lernen beginnen		she suggestedthat i should sell the house but i dont want to DO THAT yet
restrictiona on vp reduction Lernen beginnen		vp ellipsis is possible obly if what is omitted is the entire vp
the subject of the sentence Lernen beginnen		given info, topic
the predicate of the sentence Lernen beginnen		new info, comment
topic Lernen beginnen		what an uterrance is about
comment Lernen beginnen		what is said about the topic
contrast Lernen beginnen		the information is in contrast to another entity
contrast marked by Lernen beginnen		only/rather
topicalisation= fronting Lernen beginnen		movement of a word, phrssclause to the beginning of the sentence
fronting= topicalisation Lernen beginnen		the fronted wlement becomes topic, info at the end of the sentence focused
left dislocation Lernen beginnen		moves aword, phrase, clause at the. eginning of the sentence, but it leaves the pronominal copy of the fronted element
left-dislocation Lernen beginnen		reintroduce the GIVEN info, this info becomes TOPIC
cleft sentence Lernen beginnen		clefted element— new info, comment
pseudocleft Lernen beginnen		new info, focus to the end of the sentence
passive Lernen beginnen		the object becomes the subject - give. info/topic
extraposition from np Lernen beginnen		kovement of the relative clause ot other rlement modyfyibg element out to the end of the senyence
declarative sentence basic word order Lernen beginnen		S V(aux) O
the notiona that have a role in the availability of syntactic variants in situational context Lernen beginnen		contrast, givenness/newness
given information Lernen beginnen		information that is known to the interlocutor
new information Lernen beginnen		focal information
new information Lernen beginnen		focus/focal information
new information Lernen beginnen		information that is not shared by interlocutors
syntax informtion structure Lernen beginnen		given materiaö comes before the new material
active voice Lernen beginnen		not restricted by the constraintson info pckaging
passive voice Lernen beginnen		constrained by information structure considerationd
odpowiednik Lernen beginnen		counterpart
zrozumienie Lernen beginnen		consideration
it cleft, pseudo cleft Lernen beginnen		fronting forfocus reasons
indefinite object drop Lernen beginnen		drink
Dative construction Lernen beginnen		double object construction
double object construction, datuv alternation Lernen beginnen		bring
benefactive alternation Lernen beginnen		buy
middle alternation Lernen beginnen		cut
causative/inochative Lernen beginnen		melt
locative alternation Lernen beginnen		locative
locative alternation Lernen beginnen		splsh (on->with)
niezgodny, nie dajacy sie pogpdzic Lernen beginnen		incompatible
elapse Lernen beginnen		upływać (time)
i think...... is... Lernen beginnen		think=hold an opinion, state
I am thinking about... now Lernen beginnen		thinks= mental activity
he was hitting the table Lernen beginnen		express reperition of punctual events
the soldier was dying Lernen beginnen		preparatory situation leading up to a punctual point
they were reaching the summit when... Lernen beginnen		the preparatory situation leading up to a punctual event
generoc statements Lernen beginnen		beavers build dams
timeless statements Lernen beginnen		two plus two is four
gnomoc(proverbial sentence) Lernen beginnen		haste makes waste
plot summary Lernen beginnen		Hamlet dies...
future statement Lernen beginnen		we leave tomorrow
instantenlus commentary Lernen beginnen		he shoots. he scores
reporting info Lernen beginnen		the wheater forecast says that...
punctual verbs Lernen beginnen		tap, kick, flash
copula v Lernen beginnen		remain
ditransitive Lernen beginnen		ask
prepositional verb Lernen beginnen		look after
shifts in meaning -passive Lernen beginnen		every schoolboy knows... one joke at least...
passive shifts in meaning Lernen beginnen		John cannot do it vs it cant be done
get passive Lernen beginnen		interest on the s and what happened to it
inflection gor grade 1 forma old Lernen beginnen		absolute
the information associated with the word in the mental lexicin Lernen beginnen		lexical entry
direct object Lernen beginnen		np/clause
license purpose clauses Lernen beginnen		only agent
complementizers - finite Lernen beginnen		that, wherher
complementizers non finite Lernen beginnen		for

descriptive grammar

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