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Gerund after PREPOSITIONS Lernen beginnen
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Gerund after CERTAIN VERBS: like, love, hate, enjoy, mind, finish, stop Lernen beginnen
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Gerund as the SUBJECT of a sentence Lernen beginnen
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TO+INFINITIVE After ADJECTIVES Lernen beginnen
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This problem is difficult to solve.
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TO+INFINITIVE After CERTAIN VERBS: would like, want, need, decide, hope, expect, plan, forget, seem, try, promise, offer, refuse, learn, manage. Lernen beginnen
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TO+INFINITIVE To express PURPOSE/REASON Lernen beginnen
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I'm chasing this guy to earn my bread and butter.
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Stop! I'm tired of running. Lernen beginnen
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This is a difficult situation to solve. I enjoy seeing you tired, but I would also like to escape.
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USUALLY: FOR CURRENT HABITS Melissa, a good English teacher, usually makes students repeat sentences correctly. This usually bothers Meritxell, her student, a little. Lernen beginnen
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Melissa, a good English teacher, usually makes students repeat sentences correctly. This usually bothers Meritxell, her student, a little.
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USED TO: FOR PAST HABITS OR PAST SITUATIONS THAT HAVE CHANGED Meritxell used to take drugs, but now she doesn't even smoke. Lernen beginnen
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subject + USED TO + infinitive Meritxell used to take drugs, but now she doesn't even smoke.
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BE USED TO: FOR A NEW SITUATION THAT YOU ARE ALREADY ACCUSTOMED TO Melissa is used to craving food all the time since she quit smoking. craving a very strong desire for something: a craving for chocolate Lernen beginnen
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subject + BE USED TO + gerund or noun Melissa is used to craving food all the time since she quit smoking.
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GET USED TO: FOR SOMETHING THAT IS BECOMING FAMILIAR TO YOU OR TO WHICH YOU ARE ADAPTING. Melissa and Meritxell haven't gotten used to living without addictions. Lernen beginnen
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subject + GET USED TO + gerund or noun
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Repeat after me: I used to take drugs. Lernen beginnen
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Lernen beginnen
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I wish you were here. I wish we were lying in bed together. You can use "were" for I/he/she/it.
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Lernen beginnen
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to express regret or in reference to unreal situations.
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Wishes for the PRESENT and FUTURE Lernen beginnen
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Use PAST SIMPLE or PAST CONTINUOUS
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Lernen beginnen
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to express when you would like a situation to be different.
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He wishes they were lying on the bed. Lernen beginnen
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to express when you would like to be doing something different. He wishes they were lying on the bed.
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I wish you would stop laughing at me. Now I wish you hadn't come over. Lernen beginnen
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I wish you would stop laughing at me. Now I wish you hadn't come over.
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He wishes she handn't come over. Lernen beginnen
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to express regret or when you would like a situation to be different.
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To COMPLAIN or express IMPATIENCE Lernen beginnen
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Use WOULD+VERB or COULD+VERB
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Lernen beginnen
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He wishes she would stop laughing.
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Lernen beginnen
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He wishes he could make her disappear.
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You can use SUBJECT+WISH+PRONOUN in fixed expressions: Lernen beginnen
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RATHER at The Museum of Modern Art Lernen beginnen
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I would rather shoot myself than wait in line with all these snobs.
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Look and learn! You have to be an alternative artist. Lernen beginnen
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Oh Daddy! I would rather just be a waitress.
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Lernen beginnen
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He is a sex maniac rather than an art enthusiastic Lernen beginnen
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means "instead of" or "and not". Normally used to compare parallel structures.
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Lernen beginnen
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means "would prefer to...
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WOULD RATHER ... THAN is used to show preference between options. Elvis would rather be the center of attention than be just like everybody else. Lernen beginnen
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SUBJECT+WOULD RATHER+INFINITIVE without to+OPTION 1+THAN+OPTION 2 Elvis would rather be the center of attention than be just like everybody else.
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Lernen beginnen
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WOULD RATHER is used to show preference for one option over another. -Hey, Jeff! Let's get out of here! -I'd rather stay here. Lernen beginnen
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SUBJECT+WOULD RATHER+INFINITIVE without to+OPTION -Hey, Jeff! Let's get out of here! -I'd rather stay here.
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She is distracted, or rather, she is pretending to be distracted. Lernen beginnen
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Used to change what it is just said. She is distracted, or rather, she is pretending to be distracted.
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Marilyn had a rather tender look. Lernen beginnen
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is also an adverb of degree. It means "quite". Marilyn had a rather tender look.
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Lernen beginnen
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Connectors, also called linking words or linkers, indicate the relationship between ideas.
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The last clue drove Harry to the wood house on top of the montain. Maybe this would be the telltale clue. The weather was very bad and, (?), the car lights Lernen beginnen
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The last clue drove Harry to the wood house on top of the montain. Maybe this would be the telltale clue. The weather was very bad and, in addition, the car lights
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the car lights didn't work (?) they had been shout out a couple of hours earlier. Lernen beginnen
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the car lights didn't work because they had been shout out a couple of hours earlier.
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(?) all this, Harry managed to get to the place and get out of the car unnoticed. Lernen beginnen
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Despite all this, Harry managed to get to the place and get out of the car unnoticed.
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The lights of the house were on (?) Harry carefully crawled through the bushes until he reached the window. Lernen beginnen
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The lights of the house were on so Harry carefully crawled through the bushes until he reached the window.
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There he saw Elisabeth crying. (?), a shiver came over his body. Lernen beginnen
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There he saw Elisabeth crying. Suddenly, a shiver came over his body.
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Lernen beginnen
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Elisabeth was actually laughing (?) looking directly into Harry's eyes Lernen beginnen
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Elisabeth was actually laughing and looking directly into Harry's eyes
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Lernen beginnen
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Lernen beginnen
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Lernen beginnen
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for example (e.g.), for instance, such as
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Lernen beginnen
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with regard to, regarding, concerning, by the way
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Lernen beginnen
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and, also, too, as well as, in addition, apart from, besides, furthermore, moreover, then again
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Lernen beginnen
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in short, in brief, in summary, to conclude, in conclusion
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Lernen beginnen
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because, because of, for, since, as, due to, owing to
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Lernen beginnen
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so, consequently, as a result, therefore, thus, hence
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Lernen beginnen
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but, however, although, even though, though, despite, in spite of, nevertheless, nonetheless, while, whereas, unlike, on the other hand, anyway
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Lernen beginnen
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firstly, secondly, thirdly, to begin with, next, lastly, finaly
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Lernen beginnen
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at the beginning, then, at last, once, afterwards, suddenly, finally, in the end
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Lernen beginnen
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obviously, particularly, in theory, in fact, especially
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Lernen beginnen
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surely, indeed, undoubtedly, certainly, even so
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Lernen beginnen
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A relative clause is a dependent clause that mofifies a word, phrase or idea in the main clause.
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A relative clause begins with a Lernen beginnen
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RELATIVE PRONOUN WHO, WHOM, WHOSE, THAT or WHITCH The type of clause determines which relative pronoun to use. (in certain situations, WHAT, WHEN and WHERE can function as relative pronouns)
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There are two types of relative clauses: Lernen beginnen
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NON-DEFINING CLAUSES and DEFINING CLAUSES
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Lernen beginnen
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The information contained in defining clauses is ESSENTIAL. When deleted, it's nor clear who or what is being talked about. This type of clause is NOT separated by a COMMA.
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In this type of clause the relative pronouns used are: The woman who is pushing a stroller is her heroine Lernen beginnen
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For people: WHO, THAT (and WHOM followed by a preposition). For things: WHICH, THAT stroller: a chair on wheels in which a small child can be pushed along SYN buggy British English
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Lernen beginnen
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In non-defining clauses the information is NOT ESSENTIAL. When deleted, it's still clear who or what is being talked about. This type of clause is separated by a COMMA from the main clause.
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In this type of clause the relative pronouns used are: Exercise, which is supposed to be good for your health, is killing her. Lernen beginnen
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For people: WHO (and WHOM, WHOSE) For things: WHICH (and WHOSE)
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Lernen beginnen
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There are two voices in English: the active and the passive
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The dog bit Julianne's leg. Lernen beginnen
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describes what the subject does. The dog bit Julianne's leg.
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Julianne's leg was bitten by some dog. Lernen beginnen
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describes what is done to the subject. It's usually used when we don't know or are not interested in who performs the action. Julianne's leg was bitten by some dog.
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The passive voice is formed with: Lernen beginnen
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It can also be formed by: Lernen beginnen
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All the verb tenses can be expressed in passive voice. Lernen beginnen
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The concert will be performed next week. The concert has been performed already.
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Lernen beginnen
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to show the person or thing doing the action. The painting was made by a monkey.
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I would like him to be eaten too. Lernen beginnen
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The pigeons are eating a worm. Worms are eaten every day all over the world.
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Lernen beginnen
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I need a friend ASAP. She said she needed a friend ASAP. ASAP the abbreviation of as soon as possible
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There are two ways to repeat what another person said: Lernen beginnen
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DIRECT SPEECH and REPORTED SPEECH
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Lernen beginnen
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uses exact words in quotation marks. She said "I need a friend".
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Lernen beginnen
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She said she needed a friend.
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Lernen beginnen
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the past form of direct speech.
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Lernen beginnen
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She said she needed a friend.
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Lernen beginnen
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She said she was feeling alone.
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I've spent all Sundays watching TV. Lernen beginnen
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She said she had spent all Sunday watching TV.
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Lernen beginnen
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She said she would go to bed early.
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When direct speech uses a past form, Lernen beginnen
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reported speech doesn't change.
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Lernen beginnen
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I was looking for a better life. Lernen beginnen
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She said she was looking for a better life.
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