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onlooker

someone who watches something happening without being involved in it

recipient

someone who receives something

derivative

something that has developed or been produced from something else

source

a thing, place, activity etc that you get something from

equate

to consider that two things are similar or connected

equivalent

something that has the same value, purpose, job etc as something else

hog

to keep, use, or have all of something that should be shared

impact

the effect or influence that an event, situation etc has on someone or something

alleviate

to make something less painful or difficult to deal with

dual

having two of something or two parts

offspring

someone’s child or children – often used humorously

spirited

having energy and determination – used to show approval

surplus to requirements

an amount of something that is more than what is needed

dispose

to get rid of something, especially something that is difficult to get rid of

landfill

the practice of burying waste under the ground, or the waste buried in this way

instil

to teach someone to think, behave, or feel in a particular way over a period of time

dispute

to say that something such as a fact or idea is not correct or true

opportunistic

someone who uses every opportunity to gain power, money, or unfair advantages– used to show disapproval

predator

an animal that kills and eats other animals

detrimental

causing harm or damage

mammal

a type of animal that drinks milk from its mother’s body when it is young. Humans, dogs, and whales are mammals.

contemplate

to think about something that you might do in the future

neuter

to remove part of the sex organs of an animal so that it cannot produce babies

dusk

the time before it gets dark when the sky is becoming less bright

advocate

to publicly support a particular way of doing something

finite

having an end or a limit

feline

relating to cats or other members of the cat family, such as lions

premium

of very high quality

sinner

someone who has sinned by not obeying God’s laws

excess

additional and not needed because there is already enough of something

spark off

to be the cause of something, especially trouble or violence

thin on the ground

if a particular type of person or thing is thin on the ground, there are very few available

emit

to send out gas, heat, light, sound etc

give rise to

to be the reason why something happens, especially something bad or unpleasant

wipe out

to destroy, remove, or get rid of something completely

spray

to force liquid out of a container so that it comes out in a stream of very small drops and covers an area

build-up

an increase over a period of time

ozone layer

a layer of gases in the sky that prevents harmful radiation from the sun from reaching the Earth

famine

a situation in which a large number of people have little or no food for a long time and many people die

genetically- modified

genetically-modified foods and plants have had their GENETIC (

imminent

an event that is imminent, especially an unpleasant one, will happen very soon

oblivious

not knowing about or not noticing something that is happening around you

implication

a possible future effect or result of an action, event, decision etc

pollinate

to give a flower or plant pollen so that it can produce seeds

crucial

something that is crucial is extremely important, because everything else depends on it

inevitable

certain to happen and impossible to avoid

knock-on effect

to start a process in which everything that happens causes something else to happen

availability

something that is available is able to be used or can easily be bought or found

be right up there with

is amongst the best/most important

scenario

a situation that could possibly happen

deteriorate

to become worse

corresponding

caused by or connected with something you have already mentioned

repetitive

done many times in the same way, and boring

diversity

the fact of including many different types of people or things

be prone to

likely to do something or suffer from something, especially something bad or harmful

immune system

the system by which your body protects itself against disease

thrive

to become very successful or very strong and healthy

infect

to give someone a disease

pesticide

a chemical substance used to kill insects and small animals that destroy crops

wipe out

to destroy, remove, or get rid of something completely

disoriented

confused and not understanding what is happening around you

habitat

the natural home of a plant or animal

further afield

further away

phenomenon

something that happens or exists in society, science, or nature, especially something that is studied because it is difficult to understand

pest

a small animal or insect that destroys crops or food supplies

virtually

almost

bitterly

in a way that produces or shows feelings of great sadness or anger

unspoilt

an unspoilt place is beautiful because it has not changed for a long time and does not have a lot of new buildings

dependent

needing someone or something in order to exist, be successful, be healthy etc

beneficial

having a good effect

hacker

someone who secretly uses or changes the information in other people’s computer systems

breed

a type of animal that is kept as a pet or on a farm

threat

someone or something that is regarded as a possible danger

acknowledge

to admit or accept that something is true or that a situation exists

bound to be

to be very likely to do or feel a particular thing

in perspective

judge the importance of something correctly

privacy

the state of being able to be alone, and not seen or heard by other people

scandalous

completely unfair and wrong

ferret through

to search for something that is lost or hidden among a lot of things or inside a drawer, box etc

discard

to get rid of something

scary

frightening

hush something up

to prevent people from knowing about something dishonest or immoral

unsettle

to make someone feel slightly nervous, worried, or upset

hardened

a criminal, police officer etc who has had a lot of experience of things that are shocking and is therefore less affected by them

fall for

to be tricked into believing something that is not true

stalk

to follow a person or animal quietly in order to catch and attack or kill them

hold hostage

keep someone as a prisoner so that the other side will do what the enemy demands

unforgivable

an unforgivable action is so bad or cruel that you cannot forgive the person who did it

one step ahead

already doing what needs to be done

outsmart

to gain an advantage over someone using tricks or your intelligence

dire

extremely serious or terrible

on your guard

to be paying attention to what is happening in order to avoid danger, being tricked etc

mugger

someone who attacks people in a public place and robs them

fire off

send quickly and without much thought

sheer

used to emphasize that something is very heavy, large etc

instantaneous

happening immediately

scam

a clever but dishonest way to get money

sharp-witted

able to think and react very quickly

body scan

a scan with a special machine that produces a picture of something outside your body, for security purposes

biometric

relating to technology that can be used to measure things such as people’s eyes or fingerprints. These measurements can be kept on computer and then used to check someone’s identity, for example when they show a passport at an airport

CCTV camera

security cameras that help police find criminals

fencing

fences or the pieces of wood, metal etc used to make them

phone tap

an act of secretly listening to someone's telephone, using electronic equipment

swipe card

a special plastic card that you slide through a machine in order to get into a building or open a door

intimidating

making you feel worried and not confident

pick up

to learn something by watching or listening to other people