reading & writing: fill in the blanks 1000 - 1300

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plague
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a contagious bacterial disease characterized by fever and delirium
The plague swept through the city.
covered
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put something over or on top of (something else)
The snow covered the ground.
equity
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the quality of being fair and impartial
They sought equity in the workplace.
chief
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a leader or ruler
The chief made an announcement.
crowd
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a large number of people gathered together in a disorganized or unruly way
The crowd cheered.
craft
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an activity involving skill in making things by hand
They learned a new craft.
comprehend
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grasp mentally; understand
They tried to comprehend the situation.
pleased
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feeling or showing pleasure and satisfaction
They were pleased with the results.
competent
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having the necessary ability
She is a competent worker.
bible
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the Christian scriptures
They read from the Bible.
consequently
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as a result; therefore
flexible workers find themselves in great demand, and consequently earn high salaries
disappeared
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cease to be visible
The ship disappeared from view.
expelled
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force (someone) to leave a place
He was expelled from school.
ripe
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(of fruit or grain) developed to the point of readiness for harvesting and eating
The apples were ripe.
chomped
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bite or chew vigorously and noisily
He chomped on the apple.
admitted
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confess to be true or to be the case
She admitted her mistake.
contest
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an event in which people compete for supremacy in a sport
They entered a contest.
debts
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a sum of money or something else that is owed
They paid off their debts.
archaeology
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the study of human history and prehistory through the excavation of sites and the analysis of artifacts and other physical remains
They studied archaeology.
collaboration
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the action of working with someone to produce or create something
The project was a collaboration.
afford
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have enough money to pay for
They couldn't afford a new car.
disconnected
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having had a connection broken
They felt disconnected from the group.
bubble
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a thin sphere of liquid enclosing air or another gas
The soap formed a bubble.
competitive
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relating to or characterized by competition
The market is competitive.
ensures
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make certain that (something) will occur or be the case
They ensured the safety of the children.
gain
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obtain or secure (something desired
They gained experience.
thick
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having a relatively large distance between opposite sides; of considerable or great thickness
The book was thick.
clothing
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articles worn to cover the body
They bought new clothing.
robust
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strong and healthy; vigorous
The plant was robust.
dependent
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requiring someone or something for financial
They were dependent on their parents.
delve
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reach inside a receptacle and search for something
They delved into the archives.
encounter
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unexpectedly experience or be faced with (something difficult or hostile)
They encountered a problem.
constrained
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severely restrict the scope
They were constrained by the rules.
extended
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lasting longer than usual or expected; prolonged
They had an extended vacation.
except
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not including; other than
They liked all fruits except bananas.
discriminate
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recognize a distinction; differentiate
They tried to discriminate between the two.
steam
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the vapor into which water is converted when heated
The kettle released steam.
capital
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the most important city or town of a country or region
The capital city.
clever
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quick to understand
She is a clever student.
citrus
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a genus of flowering trees and shrubs in the rue family
desire
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a strong feeling of wanting something
They had a desire for success.
trace
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find or discover by investigation
They tried to trace the origins.
host
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a person who receives or entertains other people as guests
They were gracious hosts.
gear
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equipment or apparatus that is used for a particular purpose
They packed their gear.
costumes
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the customary style of clothing of people of a particular social group
They wore elaborate costumes.
abbreviated
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shortened; abridged
The name was abbreviated.
appliances
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a device or piece of equipment designed to perform a specific task
They bought new appliances.
intend
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have (a course of action) as one's purpose or intention; plan
They intend to travel.
district
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an area of a country or city
They lived in a specific district.
communist
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a person who supports principles of communism
They were communist supporters.
centralized
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concentrated under a single authority; brought to a center
The system was centralized.
chamber
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a large room used for formal or public events
They met in the chamber.
competition
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the activity or condition of striving to gain or win something by defeating or establishing superiority over others
They entered a competition.
prioritize
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designate or treat (something) as being more important than other things
They tried to prioritize their tasks.
consume
drink
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eat
They consumed a lot of food.
or ingest (food or drink)
initial
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occurring at the beginning; first
They made an initial offer.
genuine
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truly what something is said to be; authentic
They gave genuine advice.
engine
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a machine with moving parts that converts power into motion
The car had a powerful engine.
courage
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the ability to do something that frightens one
They showed courage.
condition
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the state of something with regard to its appearance
The car was in good condition.
crash
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a sudden and violent collision
They survived a car crash.
appear
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come into sight; become visible
They appeared on stage.
accomplish
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achieve or complete successfully
They accomplished their goal.
competitors
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a person who takes part in a competition
They faced many competitors.
entries
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an item written or printed in a diary
They made entries in their journal.
document
printed
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a piece of written
They signed a document.
or electronic matter that provides information or evidence or that serves as an official record
precision
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the quality of being exact and accurate
They worked with precision.
battles
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a sustained fight between large organized armed forces
They fought in battles.
estimate
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roughly calculate or judge the value
the aim is to estimate the effects of macroeconomic policy on the economy
blame
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assign responsibility for a fault or wrong
They tried to blame someone else.
decide
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come or bring to a resolution in one's mind as to a course of action
They decided to leave.
inherent
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existing in something as a permanent
They had inherent abilities.
expands
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become or make larger or more extensive
The company expands its operations.
agricultural
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relating to agriculture
They worked in agricultural fields.
commitment
activity
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the state or quality of being dedicated to a cause
They showed commitment.
etc.
erosion
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the process of eroding or being eroded by wind
Soil erosion is a problem.
consumer
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a person who purchases goods and services for personal use
They were consumers.
curiosity
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a strong desire to know or learn something
They had a curiosity about the world.
diplomacy
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the profession, activity, or skill of managing international relations, typically by a country's representatives abroad.
hectic
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full of incessant or frantic activity
They had a hectic schedule.
characteristic
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a feature or quality belonging typically to a person
They studied the characteristics.
analysts
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a person who analyzes data or information
They consulted analysts.
trump
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a playing card in a suit that outranks all others
They played a trump card.
deficiency
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a lack or shortage
They had a vitamin deficiency.
abroad
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in or to a foreign country or countries
They traveled abroad.
typical
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having the distinctive qualities of a particular type of person or thing
They had typical symptoms.
classified
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designated as officially secret and accessible only to authorized people
The information was classified.
caffeine
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a crystalline compound that is found especially in tea and coffee plants and is a stimulant of the central nervous system
They drank caffeine.
debated
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argue about (a subject)
They debated the issue.
declined
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politely refuse (an offer or invitation)
They declined the offer.
christmas
They celebrated Christmas.
held on December 25 in the West and on January 7 in the East
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the annual Christian festival celebrating Christ's birth
bureau
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a government department
They worked in the government bureau.
allotted
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give or assign (something) to someone as a share or task
They were allotted tasks.
cortex
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the outer layer of the cerebrum
The brain's cortex is complex.
ceremony
They attended the ceremony.
typically one celebrating a particular event or anniversary
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a formal religious or public occasion
diameter
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a straight line passing from side to side through the center of a body or figure
The diameter of the circle.
disappointed
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feeling or showing disappointment; unhappy because something was not as good as expected or because something you hoped for did not happen
They were disappointed with the results.
classy
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stylish and sophisticated
They had a classy event.
dispute
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a disagreement
They had a dispute over the contract.
defined
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give the meaning of (a word or phrase)
They defined the terms.
shuttle
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a vehicle or system of vehicles that travels regularly between two places
They took the space shuttle.
perceive
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become aware or conscious of (something); come to realize or understand
They perceived the danger.
debates
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a formal discussion on a particular topic in a public meeting or legislative assembly
They engaged in debates.
pitch
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the quality of a sound governed by the rate of vibrations producing it; the degree of highness or lowness of a tone
The pitch of the sound.
density
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the degree to which something is filled or occupied
The density of the population.
capabilities
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the power or ability to do something
They demonstrated their capabilities.
bother
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take the trouble to do something
They didn't bother to ask.
quest
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a long or arduous search for something
They went on a quest.
rift
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a crack, split, or break in something.
They found a rift in the rock.
galaxy
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a system of millions or billions of stars
They observed the galaxy.
customs
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a traditional and widely accepted way of behaving or doing something that is specific to a particular society
They followed local customs.
adopt
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choose to take up or follow (an idea
They decided to adopt a new strategy.
donor
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a person who donates something
They were a blood donor.
criticized
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indicate the faults of (someone or something) in a disapproving way
They were criticized for their actions.
drama
radio
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a play for theater
They watched a drama.
or television
thermal
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relating to heat
They studied thermal energy.
embedded
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fixed firmly and deeply in a surrounding mass; implanted
The chip was embedded in the device.
consultation
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the action or process of formally consulting or discussing
They had a consultation.
classic
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judged over a period of time to be of the highest quality and outstanding of its kind
They watched a classic film.
distance
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the length of space between two points
They measured the distance.
conflicts
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a serious disagreement or argument
They resolved conflicts.
retain
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continue to have (something); keep possession of
They tried to retain their position.
prevalent
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widespread in a particular area at a particular time
The disease was prevalent.
behave
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conduct oneself in a specified way
They behaved well.
acute
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present or experienced to a severe or intense degree
They felt acute pain.
category
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a class or division of people or things regarded as having particular shared characteristics
They belonged to a specific category.
entirety
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the whole of something
They ate the entirety of the cake.
spans
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the full extent of something from end to end; the length of time for which something lasts
The bridge spans the river.
collapsing
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suddenly fall down or give way
The roof was collapsing.
odder
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strange; peculiar; unusual
They found an odder object.
belly
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the abdomen or the underside of the body
The fish had a white belly.
biography
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an account of someone's life written by someone else
They read a biography.
drainage
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the action or process of draining something
They improved the drainage.
danger
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the possibility of suffering harm or injury
They were in danger.
coastline
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the outline of a coast
They walked along the coastline.
declare
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state emphatically and authoritatively
They declared their independence.
compound
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a thing that is composed of two or more separate elements; a mixture
The chemical compound.
nickel
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a silvery-white metal that is a good conductor of heat and electricity
They used nickel in the alloy.
hydraulic
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operated by pressure applied to a liquid
They used hydraulic machinery.
boats
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a small vessel propelled on water by oars
They sailed in boats.
bunch
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a number of things, typically of the same kind, growing or fastened together.
stood
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have or maintain an upright position
They stood in line.
cargo
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goods carried on a ship
They unloaded the cargo.
administration
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the process or activity of running a business
They worked in administration.
cluster
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a group of similar things or people positioned or occurring closely together
They found a cluster of stars.
comparative
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relating to or based on comparison
They did a comparative study.
chased
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pursue in order to catch or catch up with
They chased the rabbit.
downstream
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in the direction in which a stream or river flows
They traveled downstream.
bargaining
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negotiate the terms and conditions of a transaction
They engaged in bargaining.
afraid
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feeling fear or anxiety; frightened
They were afraid of the dark.
chase
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pursue in order to catch or catch up with
They went on a chase.
curating
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select, organize, and look after the items in (a collection or exhibition).
They were curating the exhibit.
expertise
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expert skill or knowledge in a particular field
They had expertise in the area.
destructive
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causing great and irreparable damage
They caused destructive damage.
mutual
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experienced or done by each of two or more parties towards the other; shared
They had mutual respect.
heard
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perceive with the ear the sound made by (someone or something)
They heard a noise.
norm
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something that is usual
They followed the norm.
contracts
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a written or spoken agreement
that is intended to be enforceable by law
divergent
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tending to be different or develop in different directions
They had divergent opinions.
alter
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change or cause to change in character or composition
They altered the plans.
component
They assembled the components.
especially a part of a machine or vehicle
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a part or element of a larger whole
dawn
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the first appearance of light in the sky before sunrise
They woke at dawn.
capture
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take into one's possession or control by force
They tried to capture the flag.
conserving
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protect from harm or destruction
They were conserving water.
credible
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able to be believed; convincing
They gave credible evidence.
virtue
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behavior showing high moral standards
They praised his virtue.
gradually
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in a gradual way; slowly; by degrees
They gradually improved.
saturated
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holding as much water or moisture as can be absorbed; thoroughly soaked
The ground was saturated.
designated
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officially give a specified name or status to
They were designated as leaders.
deficits
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the amount by which something
They had budget deficits.
drier
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free from moisture or liquid; not wet or moist
The climate was drier.
equilibrium
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a state in which opposing forces or influences are balanced
They sought equilibrium.
trait
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a distinguishing quality or characteristic
They studied personality traits.
burn
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produce flames and heat while consuming a material such as coal or wood
They watched the fire burn.
essence
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the intrinsic nature or indispensable quality of something
They captured the essence of the moment.
disadvantage
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an unfavorable circumstance or condition that reduces the chances of success or effectiveness
They faced a disadvantage.
extract
They tried to extract the information.
especially by effort or force
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remove or take out
collision
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an instance of one moving object or person striking violently against another
They witnessed a collision.
decay
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the state or process of rotting or decomposition
They observed the decay.
variant
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a form or version of something that differs slightly from other forms of the same thing
They studied the variant.
delta
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the fourth letter of the Greek alphabet (Δ
They measured the delta.
larvae
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the active immature form of an insect, especially one that differs greatly from the adult and forms the stage between egg and pupa, e.g. a caterpillar or grub.
crunch
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crush (something hard or brittle) with the teeth
They heard the crunch of leaves.
collars
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a band placed around the neck of an animal or person
They put collars on the dogs.
collars
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a band placed around the neck of an animal or person
They put collars on the dogs.
drag
roughly
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pull (someone or something) along forcefully
They tried to drag the heavy box.
or with difficulty
eminent
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famous and respected within a particular sphere or profession
He was an eminent scientist.
acclaim
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praise enthusiastically and publicly
The play received critical acclaim.
unaided
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without help; alone
They completed the task unaided.
feasibility
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the state or degree of being easily or conveniently done
They assessed the feasibility of the plan.
disseminate
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spread or circulate (something
They disseminated information.
weave
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form (fabric or a similar material) by interlacing long threads passing in one direction with others at a right angle to them
They weave baskets.
darwin
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Charles Darwin
Darwin's theory changed biology.
ultimate
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being or happening at the end of a process; final
The ultimate goal.
streak
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a long, thin line or mark of a different substance or color from its surroundings.
They saw a streak of light.
insulate
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protect (something) by interposing material that prevents the loss of heat or the intrusion of sound
They tried to insulate the building.
clinical
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relating to or conducted in or as if in a clinic and depending on direct observation of a patient
They conducted clinical trials.
spawn
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release or deposit eggs
The fish spawned.
impulse
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a sudden strong and unreflective urge or desire to act
They acted on impulse.
boots
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a sturdy item of footwear covering the foot and ankle
They wore boots.
alternatively
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used to introduce a suggestion that is a second choice or possibility
alternatively, you may telephone us direct
carvings
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an object or design cut from a hard material as an artistic work
They admired the carvings.
pondering
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think about (something) carefully
They were pondering the question.
hypertension
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abnormally high blood pressure
They suffered from hypertension.
gesture
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a movement of part of the body
They made a gesture.
beads
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a small piece of glass, stone, or similar material, typically rounded and perforated for threading with others as a necklace or rosary or for sewing onto fabric.
long strings of beads
coordinated
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bring the different elements of (an activity or organization) into a relationship that will ensure efficiency or harmony
They coordinated the event.
expression
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the process of making known one's thoughts or feelings
They showed expression.
crustaceans
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an arthropod of the large, mainly aquatic group Crustacea, such as a crab, lobster, shrimp, or barnacle.
rituals
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a religious or solemn ceremony consisting of a series of actions performed according to a prescribed order
They followed rituals.
concepts
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an abstract idea; a general notion
They discussed concepts.
acquaintance
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a person one knows slightly but who is not a close friend
They were an acquaintance.
analyze
especially information)
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examine methodically and in detail the constitution or structure of (something
They analyzed the data.
typically for purposes of explanation and interpretation
excessive
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more than is necessary
They had excessive amounts.
contents
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the things that are held or contained in something
They examined the contents.
plethora
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a large or excessive amount of (something)
They had a plethora of choices.
distraction
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a thing that prevents someone from giving full attention to something else; a thing that distracts someone
They avoided distractions.
experimented
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try out new concepts or ways of doing things
They experimented with new methods.
congestion
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the state of being crowded or blocked with traffic or people
They faced traffic congestion.
intuitive
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using or based on what one feels to be true even without conscious reasoning; instinctive
They made an intuitive decision.
endeavor
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try hard to do or achieve something
They endeavored to succeed.
exquisite
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extremely beautiful and
They had exquisite taste.
cues
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a thing said or done that serves as a signal to an actor or other performer to enter or to begin their speech or performance
They took their cues.
compiled
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produce (something, especially a list, report, or book) by assembling information collected from other sources.
the local authority must compile a list of taxpayers
bear
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endure (an ordeal or difficulty)
They had to bear the pain.
ample
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enough or more than enough; plentiful
They had ample time.
originate
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have a specified beginning; arise or derive
The tradition originated there.
broad
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having an ample distance from side to side; wide
They had broad shoulders.
bond
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a thing used to tie something or to fasten things together
They formed a bond.
cemetery
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a burial ground; a graveyard
They visited the cemetery.
nasty
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highly unpleasant, especially to the senses; physically nauseating.
plastic bags burn with a nasty, acrid smell
exoplanets
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a planet that orbits a star outside the solar system
They studied exoplanets.
propelled
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drive or push something forward
They were propelled forward.
intent
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intention or purpose
They had good intent.
excavated
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remove earth carefully and systematically from (an area) in order to find buried remains
They excavated the site.
eloquent
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fluent or persuasive in speaking or writing
They made an eloquent speech.
discretion
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the quality of behaving or speaking in such a way as to avoid causing offense or revealing private information
They showed discretion.
condemnation
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strong disapproval; censure
They faced condemnation.
commemorates
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recall and show respect for (someone or something)
They commemorated the event.
groom
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prepare or train (someone) for a particular purpose or activity
They groomed the horse.
dormant
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having normal physical functions suspended or slowed down for a period of time; in or as if in a deep sleep
The volcano was dormant.
unscathed
damage
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without suffering any injury
They emerged unscathed.
or harm
corridors
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a long passage in a building from which doors lead into rooms
They walked down the corridors.
crowded
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full of people
The room was crowded.
citation
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a quotation from or reference to a book, paper, or author, especially in a scholarly work.
there were dozens of citations from the works of Byron
overture
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an introduction to something more substantial
They made an overture.
wrought
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worked (metal) into shape by hammering or rolling
They had wrought iron.
rigid
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unable to be bent or forced out of shape; not flexible
The pipe was rigid.
provoke
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stimulate or give rise to (a reaction or emotion
They tried to provoke a response.
rough
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having an uneven or irregular surface; not smooth or level
The road was rough.
fanatic
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a person filled with excessive and single-minded zeal
They were a fanatic supporter.
partial
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existing only in part; incomplete
They had partial success.
tracts
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an extensive area of land
They owned tracts of land.
spheres
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a round solid figure, or its surface, with every point on its surface equidistant from its center.
mourners, sphered by their dark garb
abound
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exist in large numbers or amounts
The area abounds with wildlife.
cover
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put something over or on top of (something else)
They covered the table.
eyes
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the organ of sight in humans and animals
They closed their eyes.
faded
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gradually grow faint and disappear
The colors faded.
aftermath
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the consequences or aftereffects of a significant unpleasant event
They dealt with the aftermath.
detached
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separated or disconnected; not joined or connected
They felt detached.
polar
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relating to the North or South Pole or the regions surrounding them
They studied polar bears.
delicate
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easily broken or damaged; fragile
The flower was delicate.
sacred
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connected with God or dedicated to a religious purpose and so deserving veneration
They visited sacred sites.
deficiencies
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a lack or shortage
They had vitamin deficiencies.
captivating
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capable of attracting and holding interest; charming
They gave a captivating performance.
cell
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the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism
They studied cells.
altitude
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the height of an object or point in relation to sea level or ground level
They measured the altitude.
utilize
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make practical and effective use of
They utilized the resources.
relief
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a feeling of reassurance and relaxation following release from anxiety or distress
They felt relief.
confusing
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causing one to become perplexed or disoriented
The instructions were confusing.
encourages
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give support
They encouraged the team.
cyclic
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occurring in cycles; regularly repeated
They observed cyclic patterns.
disposal
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the action or process of getting rid of something
Waste disposal is essential.
grind
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reduce (something) to small particles or powder by crushing it
They grind the coffee beans.
bread
mixed together and baked
water
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food made of flour
and yeast or another leavening agent
comfort
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a state of physical ease and freedom from pain or constraint
They sought comfort.
summit
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the highest point of a hill or mountain
They reached the summit.
convention
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a way in which something is usually done; a custom
They followed social conventions.
excavation
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the action of excavating something
They conducted an excavation.
favorable
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giving or expressing approval
They received a favorable review.
disabilities
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a physical or mental condition that limits a person's movements
They worked with people with disabilities.
burden
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a heavy load
They carried a heavy burden.
crushed
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reduce to powder or small fragments by compressing it forcefully
They crushed the ice.
revise
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reconsider and alter (something) in the light of further evidence
They revised the plan.
spatial
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relating to or occupying space
They studied spatial relationships.
complacency
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a feeling of smug or uncritical satisfaction with oneself or one's achievements
They avoided complacency.
deviation
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the action of departing from an established course or accepted standard
They noticed a deviation.
faint
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barely perceptible
They heard a faint sound.
bracing
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fresh and invigorating
They took a bracing walk.
trickle
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flow in a small stream
Water trickled down the rocks.
admonitions
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an act or action of admonishing; authoritative counsel or warning
They received admonitions.
drown
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die through submersion in and inhalation of water or other liquid
They almost drowned.
dried
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free from moisture
They ate dried fruit.
bulb
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a rounded swelling on a plant stem or root that acts as a storage organ during dormancy
They planted a bulb.
subordinate
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lower in rank or position relative to someone else
They were subordinate to the manager.
starve
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suffer severely from hunger
They were starving.

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