Angielski ZŚ U23

the branches and leaves that spread out at the top of a group of trees forming a type of roof

the part of a plant that grows down into the earth to get water and food and holds the plant firm in the ground

the first part of a plant to appear above the ground as it develops from a seed, or any new growth on an already existing plant

a part of a tree which grows out from the trunk or from a bough

the ground beneath the trees of a forest, consisting of roots, soil, and decomposing organic matter

1. small branches that have broken off from trees and bushes 2. shrubs, saplings, low vines, etc., growing under the large trees in a wood or forest

a thin piece of wood that has fallen or been cut off a tree

the hard oval-shaped fruit of a type of evergreen tree (=one that never loses its leaves), called a conifer

a small, round or oval object produced by a plant and from which, when it is planted, a new plant can groww

each of a number of concentric rings in the cross section of a tree trunk, representing a single year's growth

a US federal agency that manages 193 million acres of public lands in national forests and grasslands

(National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) a US federal agency focused on the condition of the oceans and the atmosphere

a person whose job is to extinguish fires

a tower built to create an elevated point from which to watch for fires, especially forest fires

an open-air fire in a camp, used for cooking and as a focal point for social activity

a large, destructive fire that spreads quickly over woodland or brush

a very intense and destructive fire (typically one caused by bombing) in which strong currents of air are drawn into the blaze from the surrounding area making it burn more fiercely

(also known as prescribed burning) involves setting planned fires to maintain the health of a forest

the soft grey or black powder that is left after a substance, especially tobacco, coal, or wood, has burned

a hard, black substance similar to coal which is obtained when wood is heated in the absence of air (it can be used as fuel or, in the form of sticks, as something to draw)

someone, such as a politician, who is responsible for making and changing laws; a legislator

1. laws, considered collectively 2. the process of making or enacting laws

a draft of a proposed law presented to parliament for discussion

a territorial division of some countries, forming the chief unit of local administration

an accepted principle or instruction that states the way things are or should be done, and tells you what you are allowed or are not allowed to do

a set of ideas or a plan of what to do in particular situation that has been agreed to officially by a group of people, a business organization, a government, or a political party

an official document giving someone authorization to do something

1. ordinary people in general; the community 2. a section of the community having a particular interest or connection

1. a story or a description of a series of events 2. a particular way of explaining or understanding events

a planned group of especially political, business, or military activities that are intended to achieve a particular aim

the governing body for certain tribes within the US, usually comprising a single Reservation (although some tribes have more than one, and many have none)

a person who weaves or sows pliable materials into 3D artifacts, such as baskets, mats, or even furniture

a place used or suitable for hunting

a place which hunter-gatherer nomads use to harvest wild food

1. a button on a video game console that can be used to restart games from the beginning, while losing anything that isn't saved 2. a button on a computer that clears the computer's memory and causes it to reboot

a gradual accumulation or increase, typically of something negative that leads to a problem

1. a small amount of something that shows you what the rest is or should be like

a mixture of different things or styles

1. a small area that is different in some way from the area that surrounds it 2. a piece of cloth sewn on to clothing as a badge or distinguishing mark

1. a small, isolated group or area 2. a small bag for carrying things in, made of cloth and sewn into the inside or onto the outside of a piece of clothing

to catch fire or cause to catch fire

1. to prevent or inhibit (a process or reaction) 2. to forcibly put an end to

1. to prevent (a severe problem) from spreading or intensifying 2. to have or hold (someone or something) within

to engage in a fight or struggle against

to make (a problem, bad situation, or negative feeling) worse

to make an official complaint or statement about someone or something to a person in authority 2. to give a spoken or written account of something that one has observed, heard, done, or investigated

to turn a piece of electronic equipment off and then on again when it does not work correctly, to make it start working correctly again

(of an official group of people) to give approval to something, especially by voting to make it law

to make something illegal

1. (of a doctor) to say what medical treatment someone should have 2. to state authoritatively or as a rule that (an action or procedure) should be carried out

to (cause a seed to) start growing and put our shoots

to make (something) visible by uncovering it

1. to free (land) for cultivation or building by removing vegetation or existing structures 2. to remove an obstruction or unwanted item or items from somewhere

to return (someone or something) to a former condition, place, or position

to increase or become larger or stronger, or to cause someone or something to do this

to move or cause to move from one place to another, especially over a small distance

(of a source of power) to provide the energy to set and keep (an engine or piece of machinery) in motion

to make (something) suitable for a new use or purpose; modify

to need for a particular purpose

to pay particular attention to

originating or occurring naturally in a particular place; native

1. of chief importance; principal 2. earliest in time or order

1. (of a substance or object) able to recoil or spring back into shape after bending, stretching, or being compressed 2. (of a person or animal) able to withstand or recover quickly from difficult conditions

(especially of a fabric) treated so as to be non-flammable

involving or exposed to a high level of danger

held (assumed, proposed, believed etc.) for a long time

1. absolutely necessary; essential 2. indispensable to the continuance of life

happening by chance, unintentionally, or unexpectedly

(especially of information, measurements, or predictions) correct in all details; exact

added to an existing or usual amount or number; additional

(ecology) a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment

all the visible features of an area of land, often considered in terms of their aesthetic appeal

an object or feature of a landscape or town that is easily seen and recognized from a distance, especially one that enables someone to establish their location

the tropical and subtropical plant that is commercially grown to make fabric and thread

an animal, as distinct from a human being

a waterless, desolate area of land with little or no vegetation, typically one covered with sand

an artificial waterway constructed to allow the passage of boats or ships inland or to convey water for irrigation

1. the outside part or uppermost layer of something 2. the level top of something

an area of open land, especially one planted with crops or pasture, typically bounded by hedges or fences

a strong, turbulent wind which carries clouds of fine dust, soil, and sand over a large area

the system of trade and industry by which the wealth of a country is made and used

the science or practice of farming, including cultivation of the soil for the growing of crops and the rearing of animals to provide food, wool, and other products

a period of great prosperity or rapid economic growth

a group of people living in the same place or having a particular characteristic in common

1. something that is a part of your history or that remains from an earlier time 2. money or property that you receive from someone after they die

a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by an organization or individual

1. a sum offered for information leading to the solving of a crime, the detection of a criminal, etc. 2. a fair return for good or bad behaviour

a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against another quantity or measure

a small or tiny part, amount, or proportion of something

sales of goods or services abroad, or the revenue from such sales

a white crystalline substance that gives seawater its characteristic taste and is used for seasoning or preserving food

a distinct compound or substance, especially one which has been artificially prepared or purified

the number of deaths in a given area or period, or from a particular cause

any object used in fighting or war, such as a gun, bomb, knife, etc.

a poison of plant or animal origin, especially one produced by or derived from microorganisms and acting as an antigen in the body

the action or fact of dying or being killed; the end of the life of a person or organism

the time when a baby or young animal comes out of its mother’s body

a person whose job is to design or build machines, engines, or electrical equipment, or things such as roads, railways, or bridges, using scientific principles

the work of an engineer, for example, designing or building machines, electrical equipment, roads, etc. using scientific principles

a baby or very young child

1. to keep animals for the purpose of producing young animals in a controlled way 2. (of animals) to have sex and produce young animals

1. to put (a seed, bulb, or plant) in the ground so that it can grow 2. to cover or supply (an area of land) with plants

1. to provide an adequate supply of food for 2. to supply with material or power

(about a plant) to put it in the ground and take care of it, usually in order to sell it 2. to become larger or greater over a period of time; increase

1. to prosper; to flourish 2. (of a child, animal, or plant) to grow or develop well or vigorously

to restore to life or consciousness

to rub out or remove (writing or marks) 2. to remove recorded material from (a magnetic tape or medium); to delete (data) from a computer's memory

1. to become or make smaller in size or amount 2. (of clothes or material) to become smaller as a result of being immersed in water

(of a container or covering) to accidentally lose or admit contents, especially liquid or gas, through a hole or crack

(of water, the wind, or other natural agency) to lay down (matter) gradually as a layer or covering

1. to go or move back or further away from a previous position 2. (of a facial feature) to slope backwards

1. to cause to become completely or excessively dry 2. (of something perceived as a continuous flow or source) to decrease and stop

to run away from a place or situation of danger

1. to cause (someone or something) to change course or turn from one direction to another 2. to reallocate (money or resources) to a different purpose

to cause severe and extensive damage to

1. to investigate and solve or explain (something complicated or puzzling) 2. to undo (twisted, knitted, or woven threads)

1. to deposit or dispose of (rubbish, waste, or unwanted material), typically in a careless or hurried way 2. to send (goods unsaleable in the home market) to a foreign market for sale at a low price.

to control or be the person in charge of something such as a country

1. to invite (someone) to do or say something that one thinks will be difficult or impossible 2. to dispute the truth or validity of

to make (something) visible by uncovering it

to be around something on all sides

1. to appear as a large, often frightening or unclear shape or object 2. (of an event regarded as threatening) to seem about to happen

to continue to exist, especially after other similar people or things have ceased to do so

to undergo a marked change

1. to decide or announce that (a planned event) will not take place 2. to annul or revoke (a formal arrangement which is in effect)

1. to bring advantage to 2. to receive an advantage; to profit from

to give someone something that they need

1. to give approval, comfort, or encouragement to 2. to hold something firmly or carry its weight (especially from below) to stop it from falling

to give work to (someone) and pay them for it

to break up and move earth with a tool or machine, or with hands, paws, snout, etc.

1. (especially of something unwelcome) flourishing or spreading unchecked 2. unrestrained in action or performance

not achieving maximum productivity; wasting or failing to make the best use of time or resources

(of a living human being, often in contrast to a divine being) subject to death

(of an animal, especially a snake) secreting venom; capable of injecting venom by means of a bite or sting; poisonous

1. (of a climate or conditions) difficult to survive in; hostile 2. cruel or severe

1. occurring continuously over a period of time 2. remaining the same over a period of time

1. absolutely necessary; essential 2. indispensable to the continuance of life

present or existing from the beginning; first or earliest

(of an action) characterized by great speed

prosperous and growing; flourishing