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An operation is effective if it has attained or exceeded its goals.
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An operation is efficient if it has not wasted resources
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What will help in determining effectiveness? Lernen beginnen
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Comparing actual results with the master budget
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May be prepared for any activity; Show revenues and expenses that should have occurred at the actual activity; Improve performance evaluation level in the relevant range; Reveal variances due to good cost control or lack of cost control
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What we need to know to flex a budget for different activity? Lernen beginnen
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how costs behave with changes in activity levels – Total variable costs change in direct proportion to changes in activity – Total fixed costs remain unchanged within the relevant range
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Sales volume variance may be a result of: Lernen beginnen
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1. The market price for the product has changed. The total demand for the product grows (declines) at a rate higher then expected then expected 2. The firm lost its market share to competitors 3. The firm failed to set a proper goal for the period
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Based on carefully predetermined amounts; Used for planning labor, material and overhead requirements; Benchmarks for measuring performance; The expected level of performance
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A standard cost variance is the amount by which an actual cost differs from the standard cost; This variance is unfavorable because the actual cost exceeds the standard cost
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An ideal standard, A currently attainable standard
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demands perfect implementation and maximum efficiency in every aspect of the operation
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A currently attainable standard? Lernen beginnen
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sets the performance criterion at a level that person with proper training and experience can attain most of the time without having to exert extraordinary effort
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Friendly service; On-time delivery; Quality; Cleanliness; Value
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Activity analysis; Historical data; Sources of Standards; Benchmarking; Market expectation; Strategic decisions
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Standard-Setting Procedures Lernen beginnen
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An authoritative standard; A participative standard
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An authoritative standard Lernen beginnen
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is determined solely or primarily by management
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calls for active participation throughout the standard-setting process by employees affected by the standard
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What are direct material standards? Lernen beginnen
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Price standards, usage standards.
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What are direct labor standards? Lernen beginnen
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Rate standards, efficiency standards
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What is standard cost sheet? Lernen beginnen
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A standard cost sheet specifies the standard costs (including both price and quantity) for all manufacturing cost elements in the production of one unit of elements in the production of one unit of a product
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What is selling price variance? Lernen beginnen
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is the difference between the total sales revenues received and the total sales revenues in the flexible budget for the units sold during the period budget for the units sold during the period
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How do we divide standard cost variances? Lernen beginnen
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On price variance - difference between the actual price and the standard price; And efficiency variance - the difference between the actual quality and standard quality
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Causes of DM price variances? Lernen beginnen
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– Purchase of materials of different grade; Quantity discounts; Freight/delivery expediting cost (“rush orders”)
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Causes of DM quantity variances Lernen beginnen
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– Purchase of non-standard quality materials; Poorly trained or poorly supervised workers; Poorly maintained machinery (not calibrated properly)
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causes of DL rate variances? Lernen beginnen
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Labor substitution; Out-of-date standards (e.g., new labor contract)
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Causes of DL efficiency variances Lernen beginnen
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Poorly trained workers; Poor quality raw materials used in production; Poorly maintained equipment; Poor supervision of workers; Out-of-date standards
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What is total operating income variance? Lernen beginnen
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The difference between actual operating income and master budgeted operating income
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Through the introduction of a flexible budget based on actual output, the total operating income variance is broken down into: Lernen beginnen
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A total flexible-budget variance, and; A sales-volume variance = budgeted cm/unit x (actual – budgeted) sales in units
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What are the Standard Costs for Factory Overhead? Lernen beginnen
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variable overhead like energy costs, indirect materials, indirect labor; and fixed overhead like factory managers salaries, plant and equipment depreciation
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Establishing the Standard Cost for Variable Factory Overhead Lernen beginnen
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Determine the behavioral patterns of variable factory overhead costs; Select one or more appropriate activity measures; Choose the levels of operation and estimate the Choose the levels of operation and estimate the total variable factory overhead and the total variable factory overhead; Compute the standard variable factory overhead Compute the standard variable factory overhead rate
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Determining a Standard Variable Factory Overhead Rate Lernen beginnen
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Decide the level of operation; Determine total variable factory overhead for the operation; Select an activity base for variable factory overhead and determine the amount for the operation; Divide the amount in 2 by the amount in 3 to arrive at the standard variable overhead rate.
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What is the total variance? Lernen beginnen
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Spending variance and efficiency variance
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Standards overhead rate is? Lernen beginnen
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The amount that should have been paid for the resources acquired.
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The quantity allowed for the actual good output.
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What is spending variance? Lernen beginnen
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Results form paying more or less than expected for overhead items such as supplies and utilities.
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What is efficiency variance Lernen beginnen
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A function of the selected activity measure. It does not reflect overhead control.
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Interpretation of (variable) spending variance? Lernen beginnen
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Results from spending more or less than expected for overhead items such as supplies and uilities.
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Interpretation of (variable) efficiency variance? Lernen beginnen
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Reflects efficiency or inefficiency in the use of the selected activity meaasure. Does not reflect overhead control
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Interpretation of fixed spending variance? Lernen beginnen
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Results from paying more or less than expected for overhead items
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Interpretation of fixed volume variance Lernen beginnen
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Results from the inability to operate at the activity budgeted for the period.
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Interpretation of fixed spending variance Lernen beginnen
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Results form spending more or less than expected for individual fixed overhead items. That is, spending on individual fixed overhead items was different than planned.
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Interpretation of production volume variance Lernen beginnen
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Results from operating at the level other than the denominator volume level. Arises because of the product-costing purpose of fixed overhead. Not of direct interest for control purposes
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Causes of Fixed Overhead Variances Lernen beginnen
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• Spending (Budget) Variance: – Ineffective budget procedures – Inadequate control of costs Misclassification of cost items – Misclassification of cost items • Production Volume Variance: – Management decisions – Unexpected changes in market demand – Unforeseen problems in manufacturing operations
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