Egzamin z fonetyki

vowel

speech sound produced without obstructing (or with minimal obstruction) the air from the lungs (opposed to consonants)

consonant

speech sound produced with complete or partial blockage of the flow of air from the lungs (opposed to vowels)

VOWELS vs. consonants

* absence of obstruction, the air goes freely * muscular tension is spread evenly * the air stream is very weak

vowels vs. CONSONANTS

* presence of obstruction * muscular tension is concentrated in the place of obstruction * the air stream is strong

intonation

the rise and fall of voice while speaking, it does not only convey the massage, but also speaker's emotions, feelings and attitude towards the hearer

Intonation consists of?

sentence stress, speech melody, rhythm, pauses, tempo

According to what categories we describe consonants?

* place of articulation * manner of articulation * force of articulation * voicing * type of obstruction * position of soft palate *

Factors of stressing words in sentences? (= SYLLABLE)

length, pitch, loudness, quality modification

Phonology

the study of how sounds are organised (patterns, rules) and used in natural languages, how they combine and influence each other

Phonetics

deals with the production of sounds by humans, often without the prior knowledge of language being spoken; focuses on phusical manifestation of speech sounds, their production and perception

Prosodic systems?

stress, rhythm, tempo, pauses, melody, pitch

stress

teh degree of emphasis given a sound or a syllable in speech

segmental phonetics

delas with vowels and consonants (segments)

suprasegmental (prosodic) phonetics

deals with processes occuring at the same time with the articulation of segments (tempo, melody, pitch, stress, pauses, rhythm)

syllable

is the smallest prosodic unit within which prosodic features are manifasted:)

accomodation

adopting the articulation of a vowel to a consonant (or the other way round)

assimilation

sounds become identical or similar to a neighbouring sound, can occur within word or between words

elision

complete omission of sound within a word or a phrase producing a result that is easier for speaker to pronounce e.g. /hɪm/--> /ɪm/, /ˈfæmɪli/ --> /ˈfæmli/

coalescence

neighbouring phonemes slide together so they seem to happen simultaneously e.g. whaT You want -- t + j = tʃ; woulD You -- d + j = dʒ; in caSe You need -- s + j = ʃ; haS Your letter -- s + j = ʒ

phoneme

the smallest unit of speech distinguishing the words (or word's elements) from each other e.g. P in TAP, seperates it from TAG, TAN, TAB

allophone

different realisations of the same phoneme, usually determined by its position in the word e.g.(different) T in hit, tip, little

Types of syllables?

open, closed, covered, uncovered

dark l

occurs at the end of words (call, trial) and before consonants (milk, hold)

clean l

occurs before a vowel (lap, lord) or before the glide /j/ (billiard, scallion)

Distribution of stress:

semantic, grammatical, rhytmical