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life expectancy

the average number of years that a person can be expected to live, usually from birth, given that demographic factors remain unchanged

calorie intake

the amount of food per person per day

access to safe water

access to water that is affordable, at sufficient quantity and available without excessive effort and time

access to health services

usually measured in the number of people per doctor or per hospital

malnutrition

diet that is lacking or has too much in quantity or quality of foods

obesity

too much energy/ protein foods

marasmus

lack of calories/energy in the diet

kwashiorkok

lack of protein in the diet

temporary hunger

a short-term decline in the availability of food to a population in an area

famine

a long-term decline in the availability of food in a region

Life expectancy //i

varies from over 80 years in a number of rich countries, such as Sweden, Japan, to under 40 years in Zambia, Angola and Swaziland. Swaziland has the lowest at under 32 years. The reason for the low and declining life expectancy in many Sub-Saharan

Life expectancy II

Most countries would expect to see life expectancy rise over time. As a country develops, it should have better food supply, clean water and adequate housing.

Life expectancy, However III

However, a number of countries saw their life expectancy fall betwee 1970 and 2000-05. These include Zambia from 50 to 39 years and Zimbabwe from 55 to 40 years. In contrast, in Burma one of the poorest nations in Asia, life expectancy rose from 53 to 60

Infant mortality rate I

IMR varies from a low of 2% in Iceland to over 150% in Angola, Afghanistan and Sierre Leone. There is very strong correlation between types of country and IMR

IMR II

Countries with a HDI have a low IMR, and those with the low HDI have a hish IMR. The region with the highest IMRs is sub-saharan Africa, with an average IMR of 102% in 2005

Calorie intake I

The intake of food varies from a low of just over 1500 calories per person per day in Afghanistan and Eritrea to highs of over twice that amount in the developed worldd

calories intake II

the largest intakes are seen in countries such as the USA-3774 Calories, portugal 3740. Newly industrializing countries such as China and India are associated with rising food intakes - 2951 and 2459 calories, respectively

HALE Definition

an indicator of the overall health of a population. It combines measures of both age- and sex- specific health data and mortality data into a single statistic.

Hale indicates

indicates the number of expected years of life equivalent to years lived in full health, based on the average experience in a population. Thus HALE is not only a measure of quantity of life but also quality of life

HALE III

Life expectancy and HALE generally increase with educational attainment. However, the difference between these measures diminishes as education level rises

HALE IV

Therefore, less highly educated people are doubly worse off. Not only do they have shorter life expectancies, but they also shoulder a higher burden of ill health during their shorter lifetimes than their more highly educated counterparts

Food miles definition

a measure of the distance that food travels from its source to the consumer. This can be stated either in units of actual distance or of energy consumed during transport

Food miles advantage I

give an indication of the carbon footprint from farm-gate to retail location and allow consumers to know the origin of the food they are buying

FOOD MILE ADV. II

Provide information about the likely type of transportation used and the relative costs of different forms of transport

food miles dis I

they don't take account of the carbon footprint of food production methods or the energy/water requirements used in different farming systems.

food miles II dis

Locally produced foods may have low food miles but a very high energy footprint (growing out0of-season crops in glasshouses).

Food miles III dis

delivery of farm produce to retailers and consumers may not necessarily take the shortest route available

FOOD MILES DIS IV

give no indication of the use of organic methods. The food miles concept ignores other environmental aspects eg. sustainability, energy efficiency, pesticides and their effect on local ecosystems.

food miles conclusion

food miles are useful but far from perfect as an indicator of environmental impact

Free trade

allows a country to trade competitively with another country. There are no restrictions regarding what can be exported or imported

Trading blocs

an arrangement among a number of countries to allow free trade among member countries but to impose tariffs on countries that may wish to trade with them

bilateral arrangements

when one consumer enters an agreement with one producer

multilateral arrangements

occur when a number of countries agree to import goods from a number of other countries

fair trade

trade that attempts to be socially, economically and environmentally responsible. It is trde in which companies take responsibility for the wider impact of their business