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basic meaning expressed by a sentence when it is uttered
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the physical act of uttering a sequence of words, at a specific occasion; use of a sentence in an actual context
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a well-formed string of words expressing a complete thought and conforming to the rules of grammar of a given language
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a set of conditions that must be fulfilled by the world for the utterance of a given sentence to be true
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they can be evaluated as true or false in a given context (for a particular speaker, hearer, the place and the time of the utterance).
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a word in a text refers back to other ideas in the text for its meaning (SHE, HER, THEIR
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any noun phrase, or surrogate for a noun phrase, whose function in discourse is to identify some individual object (thing, being, event...)
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ZAWSZE ODNOSI SIĘ DO TEGO SAMEGO OBIEKTY (NP. THE PACIFIC OCEAN)
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ODNOSI SIĘ DO OKREŚLONEGO OBIEKTU W ZALEŻNOŚCI OD KONTEKSTU (NP. MY SON)
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ODNOSI SIĘ DO OBIEKTU NIE ISTNIEJĄCEGO W PRAWDZIWYM ŻYCIU (NP SANTA CLAUS)
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2 different referring expressions with the same referent Lernen beginnen
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Bronisław Komorowski/the current president of Poland (2 INNE TYPY, KTÓRE ODNOSZĄ SIĘ DO TEGO SAMEGO OBIEKTU W DANYM CZASIE)
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część zdania określająca rzeczownik (PLANTS - WSZYSTKIE ROŚLINY)
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odsyłaczy (PLANTS - KONKRETNE JAKIEŚ ROŚLINY)
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central members of the category Lernen beginnen
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TAKI OBIEKT, KTÓRY PIERWSZY PRZYCHODZI NAM DO GŁOWY JAKO PRZEDSTAWICIEL
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TAKI OBIEKT, KTÓRY NIE JEST PRZEDSTAWICIELEM DANEJ RODZINY
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Natural Semantic Metalanguage.
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a word that shares the same written form as another word but has a different meaning
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is a word that is written identically but has a different pronunciation and meaning.
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words that share the same spelling and pronunciation but have different meanings
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(equonyms) are expressions that are in a paradigmatic relationship with each other (EX. MONDAY, TUESDAY
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the multiple meanings of a word may be unconnected or unrelated.
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WYRAZY O PRZECIWNYM ZNACZENIU
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words which mean the same thing, although one word seems, for some reason, as though it should be the "opposite" of the other.
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a word or phrase whose semantic MEANING is included within that of another word
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a hyponym shares a type-of relationship with its hypernym
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"finger" is a meronym of "hand" because a finger is part of a hand.
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is a figure of speech in which a thing or concept is called not by its own name but rather by the name of something associated in meaning with that thing or concept
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refers to words and phrases that cannot be fully understood without additional contextual information.
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THIS (GDY MUSIMY COŚ WSKAZAĆ GESTEM)
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. In the sentence Sally arrived, but nobody saw her, the pronoun her is anaphoric, referring back to Sally
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NIE MUSIMY POKAZYWAĆ, JEST JAKIŚ SYMBOL
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Go here! Come there! ARE ODD BECAUSE... Lernen beginnen
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projection of deictic centre
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p is true, q is also true q is false, p is also false
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If p is true, then q is true If p is false, then q is still true
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existential presupposition Lernen beginnen
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egzystencjalna założeniem, ŻE COŚ ISTNIEJE
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ODNIESIENIE DO POZNANIA ‘discover’
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ODNIESIENIE DO POWTARZANIA SIĘ CZYNNOŚCI
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ODNIESIENIE DO UCZUĆ NP REGRET
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physical o linguistic o general knowledge
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A presupposition trigger is a construction or item that signals the existence of a presupposition in an utterance.
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A presupposition is background belief, relating to an utterance
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OPISOWE ODNIESIENIE DO 1 OBIEKTU
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JEŚLI KTOŚ WIE X TO NIE ZNACZY, ŻE X JEST PRAWDĄ
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relating to EMOTNONS (REGRET)
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SUGERUJĄCY JAKĄŚ INNĄ AKCJĘ (STOPPED-> KIEDYŚ ZOBIŁ)
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Further iteratives: another time; to come back; restore; repeat; for the nth time
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: X happened to V»X didn't plan or intend to V
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Further temporal clause constructors: after; during; whenever; as
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It was Baird who invented television.
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What Baird invented was television.
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counterfactual conditional Lernen beginnen
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