Wstęp do literaturoznawstwa 5

EASTERN GENRES

NŌ

NARRATIVE:

NARRATIVE: an account of actual or imagined events told by a narrator. A narrative is made up of events, the story, and the arrangement of those events, the plot.

TYPES OF NARRATIVE VIEWPOINT 1. First person narration (e.g., J.D. Salinger) 1. Protagonist 2. Secondary character (e.g., A.C. Doyle)

4. Intrusive narrator (e.g., Ch. Dickens) 5. Self-effacing narrator (e.g., G. Flaubert) 6. Multiple narrator (e.g., H. James) 7. Reliable narrator 8. Unreliable narrator (e.g., E.A. Poe)

NARRATIVE TECHNIQUES

1. Construction

Stream of consciousness: the 'flow' of impressions, memories, and sense-impressions through the mind by abandoning accepted forms of syntax, punctuation, and logical connection, e.g., Ulysses, James Joyce

Story within a story (Chinese-box construction), e.g., The Canterbury Tales, Geoffrey Chaucer

2. Time sequence

Flashforward: an interjected scene that temporarily jumps the narrative forward in time; e.g., In Search of Lost Time, Marcel Proust

3. The form

Epistolary novel: composed of a set of letters, e.g., The Sufferings of Young Werther, Johann Wolfgang Goethe

Pastiche: a text made up of material from other texts, e.g., Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead, Tom Stoppard

Dream vision: the narrator retells his or her dream, e.g., Alice ‘s Adventures in Wonderland, Lewis Carroll

TYPES OF CONFLICT

4. Character vs Environment/Society, e.g., Uncle Tom’s Cabin, Harriet Beecher Stowe 5. Character vs Machine, e.g., I, Robot, Isaac Asimov 6. Character vs Character, e.g., Peter Pan and Wendy J.M. Barrie 7. Character vs Self, e.g., The Fall, Albert Camus

TYPES OF CHARACTERS

Static: does not change over time; his or her personality does not transform or evolve.

Round: has a complex personality; he or she is often portrayed as a conflicted and contradictory person.

Flat: one kind of personality trait or characteristic.

Hero: displays heroic traits (courage, strength, etc.), e.g., king Arthur

Father figure: displays authority over the protagonist, e.g., Gandalf

Sidekick: a friend/helper of the hero, of significantly smaller part in the story, e.g., Robin in Batman

Villain: the chief evil character; e.g., the Wolf in Red Riding Hood

Trickster: a rule-breaker, usually comical; e.g., Puss-in-the-Boots

Underdog: inferior to the rest of the characters, unlikely to succeed; e.g., the Ugly Duckling

GLOSSARY OF COMMON LITERARY DEVICES

Cliffhanger: a suspenseful or dramatic moment, finishing a section of the story

Fisher King story: the land of the Fisher King not only reflects the kind of rule they impose, but their moral alignment, state of health, and in some cases even their mood. ("The Land and the King are One.")

Foreshadowing: suggesting, hinting, indicating, or showing what will occur later in a narrative

Red herring: diverting the attention of the reader from the significant clues in the text, esp. in crime fiction

Epiphany: a revelation of such power and insight that it alters the entire world-view of the character

Motif: a conspicuous recurring element, such as a type of incident, a device, a reference, or verbal formula

Mood: the predominating atmosphere or tone of a literary work

Theme: central idea or statement that unifies and controls an entire literary work

Setting: the time and place of action